JMU Health 100 Exam 3

What are the six major nutrients?

-carbohydrates

-proteins

-fats

-water

-vitamins

-minerals

What are the nutrients which contain calories?

-carbohydrates

-proteins

-fats

1 gram of carbohydrates equals how many calories?

4 calories

1 gram of protein equals how many calories?

4 calories

1 gram of fats equals how many calories?

9 calories

Define hunger

the physiological impulse to seek food

Define appetite

the desire to eat; normally psychological

Define nutrients

the constituents of food that sustain humans physiologically

Define nutrition

the science that investigates the relationship between physiological function and the essential elements of the food eaten

Define kilocalorie

unit of measure to quantify the energy in food that the body can use

Define energy

capacity to do work

What are the energy containing nutrients?

-proteins

-carbohydrates

-fats

FDA

Food Drug Administration

USDA

U.S. Department of Agriculture

How does the mouth help in the digestive process?

increases production of saliva which contains enzymes that break down some carbohydrates

How does the esophagus help in the digestive process?

tube that connects the mouth and the stomach

How does the liver help in the digestive process?

supplies enzymes

How does the stomach help in the digestive process?

food is mixed by muscular contractions and broken down with enzymes and stomach acid

How does the pancreas help in the digestive process?

produces insulin

How does the small intestine help in the digestive process?

absorption of nutrients

How does the large intestine help in the digestive process?

water and salts are reabsorbed

How does the rectum and anus help in the digestive process?

solid waste moves into the rectum and passes out through the anus

Define hyponatremia

too much water

Define dehydration

loss of too much water

The body is made up of what percent water by weight?

50% to 70%

On average how many calories should a male consume?

2,4000

On average how many calories should a female consume?

1,800

What is the most abundant substance, other than water, in the body?

protein

What do proteins do?

-develop and repair bone, muscle, skin, and red blood cells

Proteins are the key element of what?

antibodies

A health amount of protein in a diet leads to a healthy what?

immune system

What are the building blocks of protein?

amino acids

How many of the 20 amino acids are termed essential amino acids?

nine

Where are the nonessential amino acids made?

in the body

proteins from _______________ are often incomplete

plant sources

proteins other than meat

leafy greens, grains, legumes

legumes

beans

Define complete protein

dietary protein that supplies all the essential amino acids

______________ supply us with the energy needed to sustain normal daily activity

Carbohydrates

What are the two types of carbohydrates?

simple and complex

simple sugars

simple carbs that provide short-term energy

What type of nutrient does the body use first for energy?

carbohydrates

complex carbs

sustained energy

simple carbs

quick energy

What are examples of simple carbohydrates?

-monosaccharides glucose

-fructose

-sucrose

Where does fructose come from?

fruit

lactose

sugar in milk

lactose intolerance most common in __________

Asians

simple sugars examples

the monosaccharides glucose and fructose

What is a disaccharide?

two monosaccharides

What are two common disaccharides?

lactose and maltose

What are types of complex carbohydrates?

polysaccharides

What are the main complex carbohydrates?

-starches

-glycogen

-fiber

All carbohydrates are converted to what?

glucose

Where are starches found?

flour and potatoes

What type of carbohydrates do you want in your diet?

complex carbohydrates

Define fiber

indigestible portion of plant foods that help move food through the digestive system

Where is fiber found?

-fruits

-vegetables

-nuts

-grains

What are the two types of fiber?

-soluble

-insoluble

Define soluble fiber

can dissolves in water, forming a gel-like substances, and can be easily digested by bacteria in the colon

Define insoluble fibers

do not dissolve in water and cannot be fermented by bacteria in the colon

What are the parts of a whole grain?

-bran

-germ

-endosperm

What characterizes bran?

-outside of the grain

-high fiber*

-B vitamins****

-minerals

What characterizes germ?

-Vitamin E*

-healthy unsaturated fats

-antioxidants

-minerals

-B vitamin****

What characterizes the endosperm?

-starch

-protein

-B vitamins***

What is the most energy-dense source of calories in the diet?

fats

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A,D,E, and K

--too much of these is bad for liver and kidneys

Define triglycerides

most common form of fat circulating in the blood

What percent of total body fat is triglycerides?

95%

What is the remaining 5% of body fat?

cholesterol

Define high-density lipoproteins

GOOD cholesterol; facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the liver for metabolism and eliminated from the body

Define low-density lipoproteins

BAD cholesterol; compounds that facilitate the transport of cholesterol in the blood to the body's cell

cholesterol has no ____________

calories

What are the two types of fats?

-saturated fats

-unsaturated fats

Define saturated fats

fats that are unable to hold any more hydrogen in their chemical structure

What are characteristics of saturated fats?

-derived from animals

-solid at room temperature

Define unsaturated fats

fats that exclude hydrogen in their chemical structure

What are characteristics of unsaturated fats?

-derived from plants

-liquid at room temperature

Define tans fats

fatty acids that are produced when polyunsaturated oils are hydrogenated to make them more solid

Trans fats increase _____ cholesterol levels while decreasing _______ cholesterol levels

LDL; HDL

No more than what percent of your total calories should come from saturated fats?

7 to 10%

What percent of your calories should come from fat?

35%

What type of oil has the most saturated fatty acids?

coconut oil

Define vitamins

essential organic compounds that promote growth and reproduction and help maintain life and health

if foods are ____________ sourced, has high saturated fats and cholesterol

animal

What are the two types of vitamins?

-fat-soluble

-water soluble

What are the fat-soluble vitamins

A,D,E, and K

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

B-complex and C

What do vitamins do?

-maintain nerves and skin

-produce blood cells

-build bones and teeth

-heal wounds

-convert food energy to body energy

What is the primary function of folate?

amino acid metabolism and DNA synthesis

Where can you find folate?

-fortified cereals

-enriched breads and grains

-spinach

-beans

-liver

folate

from of vitamin B; important during fetal development

What vitamin is extremely important to pregnant women?

folate

Beneficial foods are termed what?

functional foods

What do antioxidants do?

protect against oxidation stress and tissue damage at the cellular level

functional foods

contain antioxidants and phytochemicals

A lack of folate can lead to what in fetal development?

spina bifida

Define minerals

inorganic, indestructible elements that aid physiological processes

Define macrominerals

minerals that the body needs in fairly large amounts

Define trace minerals

minerals that the body needs in very small amounts