Anatomy Final

how many fitting parameters are needed to use the Hill equation to describe the velocity of muscle contraction as a function of stress?

3

a motor unit is defined as...

all of the cells innervated or controlled by an individual motor neuron

which ions bind to troponin to move tropomyosin away from actin

calcium ions

Actin and Myosin overlap is the major metric used in modeling the stress in which component of the 3 Component Hill Model?

the contractile element

which of the following contains the rods and cones responsible for vision?

retina

macula

cornea

both a and b

both a and b

C1 vertebrae is ___ to C2 vertebrae

superior

which of the following is only found is cancellous bone?

canaliculi

volkmann's canals

trabeculae

calcium salts

trabeculae

most cranial nerves originate in the

brainstem

all of the following help maintain balance due to gravity and acceleration, except

cochlea

maculae

utricle

saccule

cochlea

which of the following is not one of the four basic tissue types?

connective tissue

digestive tissue

muscle tissue

epithelial tissue

digestive tissue

which of the following cell types is found in cartilage?

adipocytes

keratinocytes

melanocytes

chondrocytes

chondrocytes

which of the following is a major factor in increasing the speed of action potentials in a neuron?

a long motor neuron

ascending input potential

small amount of dendrites

myelin sheath

myelin sheath

which of the following is false regarding the sense of smell?

Receptors for smell are contained in the cilia of sensory neurons

Identification of smells works through distributed coding

The amygdala is involved in our olfactory system

Humans have a microsmatic sense of smell

identification of smells works through distributed coding

which of the following is a rule of autonomic nerve fibers?

All autonomics have three nerves.

All regions receive parasympathetic innervation.

Sympathetic axons come from thoracic and lumbar spinal regions.

The autonomic nervous system can function consciously and unconsciously.

sympathetic axons come from thoracic and lumbar spine regions

the correct order for the smallest to largest unit of organization in muscle tissue is

filament, myofibril, muscle fiber, fascicle

if blood flow to the brain is interrupted for ___ minutes, irreversible neurological damage occurs

5

which of the following is a true statement about bones?

There are 197 bones in the adult human body

Bones are used as lever arms to facilitate body movements

Some bones are flexible for greater freedom of movement

Bones contract as you move

bones are used as lever arms to facilitate body movements

what is true about afferent pathways?

afferent pathways transmit sensory information to the brain

which statement about cranial nerve I (1) is true?

It is associated with his sense of smell

It is associated with sensation on the face

It is associated with hearing

It is associated with sight

it is associated with sense of smell

The discussion of Thermodynamics in the notes is only applicable to elastic bodies and elastic stress. In other words, the model assumes that the state variables are T, S, and strain. In order to properly extend the modeling, which variables would need to be included?

history of strain

strain rate

electric charges

all of the above

all of the above

which plexus is responsible for sensory and motor function of the arms, hands, and fingers?

brachial plexus

which of the following electrical states of muscle are properly modeled with the hill equation?

relaxed

fully tetanized

twitch state

all of the above

full tetanized

which of the following statements does not accurately describe how the brain controls motor skills?

Networks of brain regions concurrently integrate sensory, cognitive, and motor information used to plan motor skills.

Networks of brain regions continuously perform selection and specification of actions used to execute motor skills.

Networks of brain regions continuously compare sensory feedback with motor plans/commands to regulate motor skills.

Networks of brain regions sequentially transform sensory information into motor commands used to initiate motor skills.

Networks of brain regions sequentially transform sensory information into motor commands used to initiate motor skills.

this is a large protein in striated muscle that anchors thick filaments to the Z-line and helps prevent over-stretching of the sarcomere

titin

all of these are true about the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) except:

Circulates in the venous sinuses.

It is a clear liquid.

Flows around the brain AND spinal cord.

Made in the choroid plexus.

circulates it in the venous sinuses

which of the following is a type of fiber found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues including cartilage and bone:

collagen

keratin

actin

microtubules

collagen

You are designing a Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) that will transform brain signals to functional muscle stimulation that can move the limbs of a patient with a spinal cord injury. The BMI would NOT implement knowledge of which of the following?

Knowledge of brain networks

Knowledge of inter-muscular coordination

Knowledge of sensory receptors

Knowledge of musculomechanics

knowledge os sensory receptors

in what order do nerve impulses travel through the parts of a neuron?

dendrite, cell body, axon, terminal

which of the following is not a neuroglia cell?

oligodendrocyte cell

squamous cell

schwann cell

astrocyte

squamous cell

loss of bone density can be a result of over-activity of these cells, which play a primary role in digesting bone matrix to release calcium into the blood

osteoclasts

what is the main function of the cerebellum?

maintain balance

consider a drug that inhibits the acetylcholine receptor in the neuromuscular junction. which of the following would be a likely side effect of this drug?

Depolarization of the muscle cell membrane

Increased muscle response time

Increased muscular contraction strength

Muscle relaxation

muscle relaxation

what is a diaphysis?

the shaft of a long bone

which of the following provides the best description of hemispheric specialization in the cortex?

The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized to have identical functions.

The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized for different functions, especially in the case of language.

The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized to maintain most of the body's vital functions like respiration and heart rate.

The two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized to compete for the brain's resources, especially the limbic system.

the two hemispheres of the cortex are specialized for different functions, especially in the case of language

which cells secrete extracellular matrix in bone as well as vesicles involved in calcification or mineralization of the extracellular matrix?

osteoblasts

which of the following voltages would most likely be measured in the middle of the relative refractory period of the action potential?

30 mV

0 mV

-45 mV

-80 mV

-80 mV

which glial cell is responsible for making the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

oligodendrocytes

the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling

fight or flight response

the cerebral cortex...

contains most of the association areas in the brain

which of the following is the primary contributor to the mechanical stiffness of blood vessels at high physiologic pressures?

endothelial reticular cells

collagen

smooth muscle cells

endothelial cells

collagen

macrophages are innate immune cells that reside in most tissues and release inflammatory cytokines when they detect pathogens or tissue damage (t/f)

true

what are the three layers of most arteries and veins, starting with nearest to the blood?

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

what is occurring from point A to C in the LV curve?

ventricular filling

which of the following is paired correctly?

IgG : presents in minute amounts in the blood

IgA : is the first antibody secreted during a B-cell response

IgM : mainly presents in body secretion

IgE : is produced by mast cells and responsible for anaphylactic hypersensitivity

IgE

which of the following matches is correct?

CD8: helper T cells

CD19: B cells

CD28: macrophages

CD45: all human cells

CD19

which of the following is not a function of antibodies?

Neutralize antigens

Immobilize bacteria

Activate CD8+ T lymphocytes

Enhance phagocytotic activity of macrophages

activate CD8+ T lymphocytes

what describes a long-term outcome of the arterial remodeling response under the condition of sustained (chronic) hypertension?

an increase in the wall thickness of the vessel

as a nonspecific resistance against pathogens, physical barriers include the following:

The densely packed epidermis

Mucous membrane in digestive, respiratory and genitourinary tracts

Shedding of skin surface cells

All of above

all of the above

which of the following alters the frank-starling curve when changed?

Preload

Afterload

Contractility

High blood pressure

contractility

a drop of blood is flowing towards the heart in the superior vena cava. list the structures that the drop of blood would encounter in the appropriate order

right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary arteries - lung - pulmonary veins

all of these are functions of the endothelium, except:

Governs structural resistance to high pressure blood flow

Controls the vasoconstriction and vasodilation of blood vessels

Barrier from toxins and other harmful substances

Permeable to allow fluid and nutrients to travel to tissue

governs structural resistance to high pressure blood flow

designing an implant to resist protein adsorption is expected to inhibit (or at least decrease) the foreign body response (t/f)

true

which statement regarding adaptive immunity is not correct?

It is systemic, not restricted to the infection sites

In the primary response, no specific antigen is required

Compared to the primary response, the secondary response is more rapid and robust due to immune memory cells

It may or may not result in antibody production

in the primary response, no specific antigen is required

which of the following statements regarding eosinophils is NOT correct?

They have typically bi-lobed nucleus

They secrete compounds that provide defense against parasites

They secrete compounds that initiate allergic reaction

They are much fewer in number than neutrophils in a normal person's blood

they secrete compounds that initiate allergic reaction

how does an increase in afterload affect cardiac output (CO)?

decreases CO

hypertensive patients often present with capillary rarefaction (a reduction in the density of capillaries). when this occurs, why does blood pressure increase?

lumen cross-sectional area across the systemic circulation decreases

how does in increase in preload affect cardiac output (CO)?

increases CO

which of the following statements regarding red blood cells and hemoglobin is true?

each hemoglobin molecules has 4 pigments (heme)

when the ventricles contract, the A-V valves close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ___

atria

what constitutes the passive response arterial response to the mechanical environment?

elastic deformation

all of the following are true of circulatory physiology, EXCEPT

Blood flow to each tissue or organ is controlled by the tissue.

Central venous pressure (CVP) is a major determinant of physiological blood pressure.

Arterial pressure is independent of local tissue blood flow.

Hypertension (high blood pressure) does not affect cardiac output.

central venous pressure (CVP) is a major determinant of physiological blood pressure

in the cardiac cycle,

Arteries move blood to the heart.

The systolic phase is longer in time than diastole.

Cardiac output of the left and right heart are equal.

Valves are actively controlled to close and open to prevent backflow.

cardiac output of the left and right heart are equal

which is true about the principle of optimal mechanical operation in blood vessels?

The vessels will constrict or dilate, but not remodel in response to chronic flow changes.

Changes to vessel structure occur to keep a near-uniform circumferential stress distribution.

This remodeling only occurs in response to disease.

The geometry changes but not the mass fraction of the constituents.

changes to vessel structure occur to keep a near-uniform circumferential stress distribution

following biomaterial implant, innate immune cells release biomolecules that

Damage the biomaterial

Recruit additional immune cells

Activate the adaptive immune response

All of the above

all of the above

which chamber receives the deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation first?

right atrium

which of the following is true regarding capillaries?

They transfer material only through bulk flow.

Hydrostatic pressure drives all capillary exchange mechanisms.

Are made up of uninterrupted endothelium resting on a continuous basal membrane

They have the largest cross-sectional area of the systemic circulation system

they have the largest cross-sectional area of the systemic circulation system

the immune response can be divided into two separate, but complementary reactions. what are they?

the innate and adaptive responses

during a typical infection, dendritic cells first encounter pathogen in ___ and then transport the pathogen to ___ where pathogen-derived peptide fragments are presented to ___

infected peripheral tissue, lymph node, lymphocytes

out of the following types of blood vessels, which provides the greatest resistance to blood flow?

aorta

venules

vena cava

arterioles

arterioles

which of the following statements regarding lymphatic vessels is true?

They are generally less permeable than blood vessels

They carry fluid from tissues to bloodstream

They carry lymphocytes to the spleen

Lymphatic capillaries are impermeable to cells

they carry fluid from tissues to bloodstream

a patient seen in clinic has a blood pressure measurement of 150/90. what is this person's mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

110 mm Hg

which of the following statements regarding the spleen is correct?

It only contains T cells but not B cells.

It filters blood but not lymph.

Red pulps contain predominantly lymphocytes.

It received pathogens via afferent lymphatic vessels.

it filters blood but not lymph

which of the following statements regarding lymph nodes is correct?

Superficial cortex contains lymph nodules.

The major cell type in germinal centers in a lymph node is T lymphocyte.

The major cell type in deep cortex is immature B lymphocyte.

Each has one afferent lymphatic vessel and multiple efferent lymphatic vessels.

superficial cortex contains lymph nodes

what percentage by volume of a person's blood is plasma?

55%

which statement regarding MHC-I is true?

It is only expressed on dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells.

It binds to exogenous antigen

It helps fight intracellular infection

It presents antigen to CD4 T cells

it helps fight intracellular infection

all of these describe the active response of the arterial system, EXCEPT

Change in shape

Change in mechanical properties

Change in mass

Smooth muscle contraction/relaxation

change in mass

select the first three steps in the sequence of host reactions to implant discussed in class

injury, blood-biomaterial interaction, provisional matrix formation

the lifespan of neutrophils once they enter connective tissue is approximately

1-2 days

which of the following is/are signs of inflammation discusses in class?

Redness

Heat

Swelling

All of the above

all of the above

during normal quiet breathing, expiration of air occurs when?

the diaphragm relaxes, reducing the volume of the thoracic cavity

an adult woman has a ventilation rate of 15breaths/min, a tidal volume of 500 mL, and a dead space volume of 150 mL. what is her alveolar ventilation rate?

5.25 L/min

what is the role of surfactant in the lung?

it decreases surface tension, making the lung easier to inflate

which of the following factors does NOT affect hemoglobin-oxygen binding?

pH

Blood pressure

Body temperature

Plasma CO2

2,3-DPG

blood pressure

in the alveoli, what is the driving force for exchange of gases between the air space and the pulmonary capillaries?

concentration difference between air and blood

in emphysema, impaired gas exchange in the lung is a result of what?

reduced alveolar surface area

which of the following describes tidal volume?

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a normal inspiration

The maximum volume of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration

The volume of air still in the lungs after a maximal expiration

The volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing

The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

the volume of air inspired or expired during normal breathing

which of the following best describes the physiological mechanism used by the human body during a normal inspiratory phase of breathing?

Positive pressure

Frank-Starling mechanism

Negative pressure

Glomerular filtration

negative pressure

You are a physician taking care of a patient with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), a disease that results in difficulty expiring air from the lungs, but generally does not affect the ability to inspire air. You measure the amount of CO2 that the patient expires in a single breath. What do you expect the CO2 readings to be during this expired breath?

The patient's expired CO2 content will be higher than that of a healthy person.

The patient's expired CO2 content will be lower than that of a healthy person.

The patient's expired CO2 content will be the same as that of a healthy person.

None of the above.

the patient's expired CO2 content will be higher than that of a healthy person

what mechanism accounts for the majority of carbon dioxide transport in the blood?

conversion to bicarbonate ion (HCO3-)

in which of the following places is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide the highest?

Systemic arterial blood

Alveolar gas

Systemic venous blood

Exhaled gas

The same in all places above

systemic venous blood

what is the most important factor in determining resistance to air flow in the conducting airways?

diameter of airway

which structure is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems?

pharynx

the anterior intestinal portal is formed when the embryonic disc folds into a cylinder allowing the endodermal sheet to roll into the primitive gut tube. What part of the adult Gastrointestinal (GI) tract is derived from Endoderm?

The lamina propria

The smooth muscle

The submucosa

All of the above

None of the above

none of the above

As the endodermal sheet is forming the privative gut tube, lateral splanchnic mesoderm envelops it and forms the dorsal mesentery. What else is derived from this mesoderm?

The lamina propria

The smooth muscle

The submucosa

All of the above

None of the above

all of the above

In an attempt to curb his acid reflux, a 20 yo male has been taking sodium bicarbonate tablets. Which cells of the stomach produce stomach acid?

parietal cells

brunner glands of the digestive system produce bicarbonate-rich secretions and are found in the ___

duodenum

which of the following is true for pepsinogen?

It is secreted by chief cells in the stomach

It is the active form of the enzyme

Gastrin inhibits its release

HCl acid inactivates it

It is made by an neuroendocrine cell

it is secreted by chief cells in the stomach

which one of the following does not contribute to the large surface area of the small intestine used for absorption?

Plicae circulares

Microvilli

Villi

Muscularis externa

Muscularis externa

which of the following is true for the duodenum?

It is the main site in the small intestine for digestion and nutrient absorption

It has Peyer's patches (aggregated lymphatic nodules) in its wall

It joins the cecum

It lies between the jejunum and the ileum

It receives secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

it receives secretions from the pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

the cells of the endocrine pancreas that make insulin are called ___ cells

beta cells