Ap Human 2.1-2.9 vocab

Population distribution

pattern of human settlement, the spread of people across the earth

Population density

measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area

Midlatitudes

the regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator

Social stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, or ethnicity

Arithmetic population density

calculated by dividing a regions population by its total area

Physiological population density

calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land or land suitable for growing crops

Arable

land suitable for growing crops

Agricultural population density

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

Redistricting

boundary adjustments…usually result in physically smaller urban districts and larger rural districts

Infrastructure

refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activities

Overpopulation

having more people than it can support

Carrying capacity

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Population pyramid

although this tool is based only on age and gender data, it can provide information on birth rates. death rates, how long people live on average, and economic development

Cohort

the vertical axis shows age groups

Birth deficit

The slowdown of births

Baby boom

once hostilities end and peace resumes, the birth rate often spikes, causing what is know as a

baby bust

once the boom ends, birth rates are lower for a number of years. This…continues until boomers reach childbearing age

Echo

since this increase reflects and earlier baby boom, it is called

Dependency ratio

The comparison between potential workforce and dependent population is called

Potential workforce

demographers, consider people ages 15-64 the… the group expected to be society labor force

Dependent population

People under 15 or over 64 are… because they are consider too young or too old to work full time and therefore are assumed to rely on the economically active workforce to keep the society running

Demographic balancing equation

geographers use a simple equation, the… to describe the future population of a region of any scale

immigrants

people who moved into the country

Emigrants

people who moved out of the country

Crude birth rates (CBR)

is the number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

Total fertility rate (TFR)

focuses on women in their childbearing years of ages 15 to 49. … is the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country, assuming every woman lived through her childbearing years.

Life expectancy

the average number of years people live

Infant mortality rate

the number of children who dies before their first birthday

Crude death rate (CDR)

a public health metric that measures the total number of deaths in a population over a specific time period, divided by the total population size for that same period, usually expressed per 1,000 people

Rate of natural increases

the difference between a population's birth rate and its death rate, expressed as a percentage or per 1,000 people

Population doubling time

the time it takes for the population to double in size

Demographic transition model

shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

Demographic momentum

the tendency for a population to continue growing or declining despite changes in birth or fertility rates due to a large age group of people in their reproductive years

Epidemiological transition model

is an extension of demographics transition model and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies

Malthusian theory

population growth increases exponentially, while the food supply increases arithmetically, inevitably leading to resource scarcity, famine, war, and disease if population is not checked by preventive means like voluntary restraint.

Pronatalist theory

programs designed to increase the fertility rate

Boserup theory

the more people there are the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed

Neo- Malthusians

they argue that population growth is a serious problem currently and an even greater threat for the future

Anti-natalist policies

These policies attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries