Musculoskeletal System Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

A comprehensive vocabulary set covering anatomical movements, directional terms, skeletal system structure and functions, joint classifications, and major muscular system anatomy based on lecture notes.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body.

Physiology

The study of the functions of the human body.

Flexion

Decrease in the angle of the joint, such as bending the elbow or knee.

Extension

Increase in the angle of the joint, such as straightening the elbow or knee.

Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline of the body, such as lifting arms out to the side.

Adduction

Movement of the body part back towards the midline of the body, such as returning the arm to the body.

Circumduction

Movement of the end of the bone towards the midline of the body, such as drawing a circle in the air with a straight line.

Rotation

Movement of a body part around the central axis, such as turning the head from side to side.

Pronation

Rotation of the hand so the thumb moves towards the body.

Supination

Rotation of the hand so the thumb moves away from the body.

Eversion

Movement of the sole of the foot away from the midline.

Inversion

Movement of the sole of the foot towards the midline.

Dorsiflexion

Decrease in the angle of the joint between the foot and lower leg.

Elevation

Movement of the shoulders towards the head.

Depression

Movement of the shoulders away from the head.

Superior

Anatomical term meaning towards the head.

Inferior

Anatomical term meaning towards the feet.

Anterior

Anatomical term meaning toward the front.

Posterior

Anatomical term meaning toward the back.

Medial

Anatomical term meaning closer to the midline.

Lateral

Anatomical term meaning farther from the midline.

Proximal

Anatomical term meaning closer to the trunk.

Distal

Anatomical term meaning away from the trunk.

Prone

Anatomical position of being face down (lying on your stomach).

Supine

Anatomical position of being face up (lying on your back).

Adult skeletal system bone count

$206$ bones.

Children skeletal system bone count

$270-300$ bones.

RBC production location

Red blood cells are created in the bone marrow.

Haemoglobin

A protein inside red blood cells that transports oxygen molecules from the lungs to the body.

Short bones

Bones that are roughly cuboid with the same width and length, such as carpals or tarsals.

Long bones

Bones longer than they are wide with a hollow shaft containing marrow, such as the femur or humerus.

Sesamoid bones

Small bones developed in tendons around some joints, such as the patella.

Flat bones

Bones with flat areas for muscle attachment that usually enclose cavities for protecting organs, such as the ribs or scapula.

Irregular bones

Bones with no regular shape, such as the vertebrae and facial bones.

Fibrous joints

Immovable joints where bones provide no movement, such as the pelvis, sacrum, and sternum.

Cartilaginous joints

Slightly moveable joints joined by cartilage, such as the vertebrae.

Synovial joints

Freely moveable joints that offer a full range of movement in at least one direction, such as the knee or hip.

Connective tissue

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.

Hyaline cartilage

Smooth, slightly elastic tissue that coats the ends of the bones in synovial joints.

Ligament

A strong, fibrous band of connective tissue that joins bone to bone to provide stability.

Tendon

Inelastic and very strong fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones.

Synovial membrane

A layer that lines the inside of the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid.

Synovial fluid

Fluid that lubricates the joint within a synovial capsule.

Ball and socket joint

A joint type with a ball-like shape connecting to a cup-like socket, allowing rotation and wide movement ranges.

Hinge joint

A joint that allows movement in only ONE direction (backwards/forwards), such as the elbow or knee.

Pivot joint

A joint where one bone rotates about another, such as the radius and ulna in the forearm.

Gliding joint

A joint allowing only sliding or gliding movements, found in the carpals of the wrist.

Saddle joint

A joint allowing movement in two directions (sideways and backwards/forwards), found in the thumb.

Condyloid joint

A joint allowing movement in two directions (backwards/forwards and sideways), such as the wrist joint.

Voluntary muscles

Muscles that we consciously control via the central nervous system (CNS), which are connected to bones.

Involuntary muscles

Muscles that we do not consciously control, such as the heart and those controlling digestion.

Rectus femoris

Quadricep muscle sitting in the middle of the front thigh that crosses both the hip and knee joints.

Vastus lateralis

The largest and most powerful part of the quadriceps group, running down the outer side of the thigh.

Vastus medialis

Part of the quadriceps following the inner thigh that helps keep the kneecap stable.

Vastus intermedius

Part of the quadriceps lying underneath the rectus femoris deep in the middle of the thigh.

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Tricep brachii Lateral Head

The part of the tricep located on the outer side of the arm that helps push and straighten the elbow.

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