D202 Section 1

Flashcards for Erikson and Piaget's Theories

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

A lifespan theory of psychosocial development emphasizing social development across the lifespan, with 8 stages each representing a turning point.

Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust

Infancy (birth to 18 months), where babies learn 'trust' when caregivers provide warm, consistent, and responsive caregiving.

Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Toddlerhood (18 months to 3 years), where toddlers develop independence, often expressing it with 'No,' 'Mine,' and 'I do it myself.'

Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt

Preschool years (3 to 5 years), where children use skills to make things happen and identify with parents, liking to be a 'helper.'

Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority

Elementary school years (6 to 12 years), where children develop skills, make, build, and work.

Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion

Adolescence (12 to 20 years), characterized by the question, 'Who am I?' and exploration of beliefs, values, goals, ethnicity, religion, gender, and sexuality.

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Early adulthood (20s through 30s), involving commitment to another person and 'finding oneself while losing oneself in another person.'

Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation

Middle adulthood (40s-50s), where individuals focus on leaving a legacy through teaching, guiding children, community service, and leadership, contrasting with 'self-absorption' or stagnation.

Stage 8: Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Late adulthood (60s onward), involving reflecting back on life and reminiscing, providing an opportunity for resolution and celebration.

Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

A theory describing 4 stages of cognitive development, focusing on thinking, learning, problem-solving, memory, and language.

Schemas (Schemes)

Ways of mentally representing and understanding concepts; change and grow through assimilation and accommodation.

Sensorimotor Stage

Birth to 2 years, where infants use senses and motor skills to understand their world and lack object permanence initially.

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched.

Preoperational Stage

Ages 2 to 7 years, where children gain the ability to use symbols in their thinking and understanding, with two substages: Symbolic function (2-4 years) and Intuitive thought (4-7 years).

Animism

Attributing thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects.

Egocentrism

The inability to take the perspective of another person.

Centration

Focusing on one aspect of a situation to the exclusion of others.

Conservation Task

A task used to test whether children understand that the amount of liquid remains the same even when poured into a different shaped glass.

Concrete Operational Stage

Ages 7-11 years, where children can now use logic in 'concrete' situations, understanding conservation, seriation, and classification.

Seriation

The ability to put things in order (e.g., from smallest to biggest).

Classification

Understanding how items belong to a group and that group classifications can be nested.

Formal Operational Stage

Ages 12 years onward, where formal operational thinkers can apply logic and reasoning to ABSTRACT concepts and ideas, using abstract and hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

Transitivity

Understanding logical relationships, e.g., if A=B and B=C, then A=C.

Postformal Thought

A 'possible' fifth stage of cognitive development characterized by reflective, practical, contextual, relativistic thinking, and recognizing the influence of emotion.

Germinal Stage

Conception to implantation in the uterus (about 14 days).

Embryonic Stage

Weeks 3 through 8, where the placenta is formed and organs (including the brain) begin to form.

Fetal Stage

Weeks 9 to birth (about 38 weeks after conception), a period of growth and refinement, where genitalia form by the 3rd month and organ systems begin to function.

Viability

When the organ systems of the fetus are functioning well enough that the fetus could survive if born (about 24 weeks of gestation).

APGAR Scale

Administered at 1 and 5 minutes after birth; scale from 1-10; measures Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, and Respiration.

Teratogens

Environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects, including licit and illicit drugs, pollutants, and maternal diseases.

Alcohol (as a teratogen)

Can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) with facial and limb differences, poor impulse control, ADHD, and learning issues.

Tobacco (as a teratogen)

Increases the risk of low birth weight and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Rubella (German Measles) (as a teratogen)

If contracted in the first 3 months of pregnancy, it can cause several birth defects including deafness.

Amniocentesis

A prenatal test to detect genetic conditions, chromosomal abnormalities, and certain infections in the developing fetus.

Baby Blues

A common temporary state of sadness after childbirth.

Postpartum Depression

A longer-lasting period of sadness, sleeplessness, and difficulty bonding with the baby.

Postpartum Psychosis

May include experiences of hallucinations or delusions.

Kwashiorkor

Results from a diet deficient in protein, known as the 'disease of the displaced child.'

Marasmus

A disease of starvation is the result of too few calories and protein.

Genes

Basic physical units of inheritance, passed from parents to offspring; segments of DNA.

DNA

Long strand of threadlike material that makes up every chromosome; segments of DNA are genes.

Chromosome

There are 46 of these in (almost) every cell in the human body; made of tightly wound threads of DNA.

Dominant Gene

Will be 'expressed' - it will create an observable or measurable trait.

Genotype

Refers to a person's genetic pattern (e.g., 'B b').

Phenotype

Refers to a physically observable or measurable trait (e.g., brown eyes).

Synaptogenesis

Formation of new connections between neurons, begins before birth, continues at a rapid pace during the first 2 years.

Blooming

Period of creating new neurons and the branching dendrites that form connections, comes before Pruning.

Pruning

When neural connections are reduced (die back) making the remaining connections stronger.

Neuroplasticity

The brain's ability to change and compensate for damage.

Reflexes

Built-in motor behaviors.

Rooting Reflex

Turns head and opens mouth when cheek is stroked.

Palmer Grasp

Begins around 4 months; using the fingers and palm (but NO thumb) to pick up objects.

Pincer Grasp

Begins around 9 months; using the thumb and forefinger to pick up objects.

Cephalocaudal

Motor skills developing from head to tail.

Proximodistal

Motor skills develop from near to far.

Holophrasic Speech

One-word expressions.

Telegraphic Speech

Two-word sentences.

Receptive Language

Refers to what a baby can understand.

Sensory Memory

Holds information for a very brief (milliseconds) time; just long enough for the brain to register that it is receiving information.

Short Term Memory

Holds the information you are currently thinking about.

Long Term Memory

Can hold a lot of information for a long time.

Implicit/Non-Declarative Memory

Memories for skills that don't require conscious recollection.

Explicit/Declarative Memory

Memories for facts (semantic) and events (episodic) that you can consciously recall.

Behavioral Genetics

Is the study of how our Genes and our Environment work in collaboration to contribute to our behavior and characteristics.

Nature

Refers to our inborn, genetic tendencies.

Nurture

Refers to experience or environmental impacts on our development.

Passive Correlation

Children passively inherit a characteristic and Parents provide an environment that supports that characteristic.

Evocative Correlation

A child inherits a characteristic and that evokes responses from others that support that characteristic.

Active (or niche-picking) Correlation

A child has an inborn characteristic and Actively chooses environments that fit that characteristic.

Temperament

Refers to individual differences in: behavior style, emotions, ways of responding, reactivity and self-regulation.

Goodness of Fit

This concept refers to the match between the child's temperament and the environmental demands that the baby copes with.

Primary Emotions

Emotions infants demonstrate in the first months of life are Primary Emotions: surprise, interest, joy, anger, sadness, fear, and disgust.

Secondary Emotions

The self-conscious emotions-develop between 6 and 12 months of age: jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt.

Attachment

the bond between an infant and their primary caregiver.

Secure Attachment

is most common in all cultures; however, when babies do show a different pattern it may reflect cultural differences.

Collectivistic Cultures

emphasize conformity to the family and cultural values, greater respect for elders, and the acquisition of knowledge and academic skills more than they do autonomy and social skills

Individualistic Cultures

encourage children to think for themselves and assert their own opinion, and this could increase the risk of conflict in beliefs being expressed by family members.

Psychosocial Task

must be accomplished during each of 8 periods of development.

Piaget's Cognitive Development

is a theory of 'Cognitive Constructivism' meaning that he proposed that children are active in creating or constructing their own understanding of their world through independent learning.

Vygotsky

is a theory of 'Social Constructivism.' He proposed that social interactions are central to children's learning.

Theory of Mind

The ability to think about other people's thoughts.

False Belief Task

A situation that is commonly used to assess whether a child has developed 'theory of mind'.

Early Childhood, preschool-aged children.

children are now in the "Initiative v. Guilt" stage.

Self-Concept

descriptive, external, and internal qualities (I am short, I like animals)

Self-Esteem

evaluative judgment about self (I am a good kid).

Gender

the cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with masculinity and femininity.

Gender Roles

the expectations associated with being male or female that are learned in one's culture throughout childhood and into adulthood.

Gender Socialization

what young children learn about gender from society, including parents, peers, media, religious institutions, schools, and public policies

Social Learning Theory

behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment.

Cognitive Social Learning Theory

similar to social learning theory in that it emphasizes reinforcement (reward), punishment, and imitation, but adds cognitive processes.

Gender Schema Theory

children develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with maleness or femaleness

Developmental Intergroup Theory

a theory that states that many gender stereotypes are so strong because we emphasize gender so much in culture

Sex vs. Intersex

refers to a biological determination of male or female. However, some children have different genetic or hormonal influences that result in a sex that includes aspects of both male and female biological characteristics.

Gender

the social and psychological meaning associated with masculinity and femininity.

Cisgender

children who have a gender that is consistent with the biological sex assigned at birth.

Transgender

When there is a difference between assigned sex and one's gender identity.

Benefits of Play

May include release emotions, deal with emotionally distressing situations (Freud) and it expands intellectual and communication abilities (Piaget and Vygotsky)

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

lifelong effects-chronic health conditions- increased smoking, poorer health- mental health concerns (depression, suicide) and drug and alcohol use

Authoritative

supportive, show interest, affectionate - have rules and natural consequences for misbehavior

Authoritarian

have a clear set of expectations and rules, not flexible, firm consequences for misbehavior