Modern Indian History: Advent of Europeans to Independence (1498-1947)
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A comprehensive set of flashcards covering major events, personalities, reforms and battles of Modern Indian History from the arrival of Europeans to Indian Independence.
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Which Portuguese explorer discovered the sea route from Europe to India in 1498?
Vasco da Gama
At which Indian port did Vasco da Gama first land?
Calicut (Kozhikode)
Where and in which year did the Portuguese set up their first factory in India?
Cochin, 1502
What was the early capital of Portuguese power in India, later replaced by Goa in 1530?
Cochin
In which year was the Dutch East India Company formed?
1602
Where did the Dutch establish their first factory in India and in which year?
Masulipattam, 1605
Which monarch granted the 1600 charter that created the English East India Company?
Queen Elizabeth I
Which English envoy obtained trading rights from Jahangir in 1613?
Sir Thomas Roe
Where was the first English factory in India established?
Surat
In what year did the French first arrive in India to trade?
1664
Which French governor’s arrival in 1742 started the Anglo-French rivalry in India?
Joseph François Dupleix
Which 1760 battle finally ended French power in India?
Battle of Wandiwash
On what date was the Battle of Plassey fought?
23 June 1757
Which Nawab faced the British at Plassey?
Siraj-ud-Daulah
Who commanded the British forces at the Battle of Plassey?
Robert Clive
Which general betrayed Siraj-ud-Daulah at Plassey?
Mir Jafar
Who became Nawab of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey?
Mir Jafar
In which year was the Battle of Buxar fought?
1764
Name the three Indian powers that formed the alliance against the British at Buxar.
Nawab Mir Qasim (Bengal), Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula (Awadh), Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II
Which treaty followed the Battle of Buxar in 1765?
Treaty of Allahabad
What right did the Treaty of Allahabad grant the British in Bengal?
Diwani (revenue collection)
What administrative arrangement in Bengal gave real power to the Company but responsibility to the Nawab?
Dual Government
Who is regarded as the founder of British power in India?
Robert Clive
What immediate issue sparked the Revolt of 1857?
Use of greased Enfield rifle cartridges
Which sepoy fired the first shot of the 1857 revolt at Barrackpore?
Mangal Pandey
Who was the Viceroy of India during the Revolt of 1857?
Lord Canning
Which city’s capture signaled the collapse of the 1857 revolt and the exile of Bahadur Shah II?
Delhi
Which Governor-General introduced the Doctrine of Lapse?
Lord Dalhousie
In which year was Sati abolished?
1829
Which Act legalized Hindu widow remarriage and in what year?
Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856
Which 1856 Act compelled sepoys to serve overseas?
General Service Enlistment Act, 1856
Who led the 1857 revolt in Delhi and who suppressed it?
Bahadur Shah II; suppressed by General Nicholson and Hudson
Who led the revolt in Jhansi and which British general suppressed it?
Rani Lakshmibai; suppressed by Hugh Rose
Name the leader of Kanpur in 1857 and the commander who recaptured the city.
Nana Sahib (with Tantia Tope); recaptured by Sir Colin Campbell
Who led the revolt in Lucknow and who suppressed it?
Begum Hazrat Mahal; suppressed by Sir Colin Campbell
Which 1858 Act transferred Indian governance from the Company to the British Crown?
Government of India Act, 1858
What years define the ‘Moderate’ phase of the Indian National Movement?
1885–1905
Which years constitute the ‘Extremist’ phase of the National Movement?
1905–1919
Which years are known as the ‘Gandhian’ phase of the National Movement?
1919–1947
Who founded the Indian National Congress and in which year?
Allan Octavian Hume, 1885
Where was the first INC session held and who presided?
Bombay, W. C. Banerjee
Who was the first woman president of the INC?
Annie Besant
Who was the first Indian woman to preside over the INC?
Sarojini Naidu
Which Viceroy partitioned Bengal in 1905?
Lord Curzon
Which movement grew directly out of the 1905 partition of Bengal?
Swadeshi Movement
Where and in which year was the All-India Muslim League founded?
Dacca (Dhaka), 1906
Which INC session first declared ‘Swaraj’ as its goal and in which year?
Calcutta session, 1906
In which year did the Surat Split divide the INC into Moderates and Extremists?
1907
Who were the two principal leaders of the Home Rule Movement of 1916?
Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Which famous slogan did Tilak coin during the Home Rule Movement?
"Swaraj is my birth-right and I shall have it"
Which 1916 agreement reunited Congress factions and brought Congress-League cooperation?
Lucknow Pact
In what year did Gandhi return permanently to India from South Africa?
1915
Where did Gandhi establish the Sabarmati Ashram and in which year?
Ahmedabad, 1916
Which 1917 struggle in Bihar marked Gandhi’s first Civil Disobedience campaign in India?
Champaran Satyagraha
Which 1919 Act allowing detention without trial was dubbed the ‘Black Act’?
Rowlatt Act
On what date did the Jallianwala Bagh massacre occur?
13 April 1919
Which British officer ordered firing at Jallianwala Bagh?
General Reginald Dyer
Which Nobel laureate renounced his knighthood after Jallianwala Bagh?
Rabindranath Tagore
Name the two brothers who led the Khilafat Movement.
Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali
In which year did the Non-Cooperation Movement begin?
1920
Which violent incident led Gandhi to suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1922?
Chauri Chaura incident
Which 1928 British commission was greeted with the slogan ‘Go back Simon’?
Simon Commission
Who presided over the historic Lahore INC session of 1929?
Jawaharlal Nehru
On what date did the INC adopt the Poorna Swaraj resolution?
19 December 1929
Which date was first observed as Independence Day following the Poorna Swaraj pledge?
26 January 1930
On what date did Gandhi start the Dandi March?
12 March 1930
What alternative name is given to the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930?
Salt Satyagraha
Which 1931 agreement led the Congress to suspend the Civil Disobedience Movement?
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Which 1932 pact between Gandhi and B. R. Ambedkar abandoned separate electorates for Dalits?
Poona Pact (25 September 1932)
Who led the Cripps Mission to India in 1942?
Sir Stafford Cripps
How did Gandhi describe the Cripps proposals?
"A post-dated cheque on a crashing bank"
Which 1942 resolution launched the Quit India Movement?
Quit India Resolution (8 August 1942)
What stirring slogan did Gandhi give during the Quit India Movement?
"Do or Die"
Who first conceived the Indian National Army (INA) in 1942?
Captain Mohan Singh
Which leader reorganised the INA and established the Azad Hind Government in 1943?
Subhas Chandra Bose
Which slogan did Bose offer to recruit Indians to the INA?
"Give me blood and I will give you freedom"
What plan announced on 3 June 1947 provided for the partition of India?
Mountbatten Plan
Which Act of Parliament legally ended British rule in India?
Indian Independence Act, 1947
Who was the first Governor of Bengal?
Robert Clive
Who was the first Governor-General of Bengal?
Warren Hastings
Who became the first Governor-General of all India in 1833?
Lord William Bentinck
Who was the first Viceroy of India (post-1858)?
Lord Canning
Who was the last Viceroy of British India?
Lord Louis Mountbatten
Who served as the only Indian Governor-General of independent India?
C. Rajagopalachari
Which administrator started the Dual Government system in Bengal in 1765?
Robert Clive
Who abolished the Dual Government in Bengal?
Warren Hastings
Who introduced the Subsidiary Alliance system in 1798?
Lord Wellesley
Which Governor-General outlawed the practice of Sati in 1829?
Lord William Bentinck
Which Governor-General is called the ‘Liberator of the Press’ for removing press restrictions?
Sir Charles Metcalfe
Who put forward the Doctrine of Lapse policy?
Lord Dalhousie
Under which Governor-General was India’s first railway line (Bombay to Thane) opened in 1853?
Lord Dalhousie
Which Viceroy is known as the ‘father of local self-government’ in India?
Lord Ripon
During whose viceroyalty was the Railway Budget separated from the General Budget (1921)?
Lord Reading
Which Viceroy, nicknamed the ‘Christian Viceroy’, oversaw the Sarda Act in 1929?
Lord Irwin
What 1929 legislation, passed under Lord Irwin, restricted child marriage?
Sarda Act (Child Marriage Restraint Act)