United States History Exam 2 Master Review

The is the final review all 4 parts

Chapter 5 - Review 1: Describe the colonial population after the Seven Years' War.

The colonies had a rapidly growing population that reached about 2.5 million by 1776. The population was young, ethnically and racially diverse, mostly rural, and relatively prosperous, although roughly one-fifth of the population was enslaved.

Chapter 5 - Review 2: Discuss King George III's governing style.

George III wanted to restore an active monarchy and personally influence government through patronage and loyal ministers. His rigid style, poor choice of advisers, and frequent ministerial changes destabilized British politics and encouraged tougher imperial control over the colonies.

Chapter 5 - Review 3: Name the concept that was at the heart of the Imperial-colonial struggle.

Parliamentary sovereignty: the British belief that Parliament possessed supreme and unlimited legislative authority throughout the empire.

Chapter 5 - Review 4: Explain the differences between British and colonial views on representation.

British leaders defended virtual representation, claiming every member of Parliament represented all British subjects whether they voted or not. Colonists favored actual representation and argued that only representatives elected by the colonists could legitimately tax them.

Chapter 5 - Review 5: Discuss the outstanding legacy of the Seven Years' War.

The war removed France as a major threat in North America but left Britain deeply in debt. Britain then stationed troops in America, restricted western settlement, and taxed the colonies, while the disappearance of the French threat made colonists more willing to resist British authority.

Chapter 5 - Review 6: List George Grenville's legislative program.

Grenville's program included stricter customs enforcement and vice-admiralty courts, the Sugar Act of 1764, Currency Act of 1764, Stamp Act of 1765, and Quartering Act of 1765. Its goal was to raise colonial revenue and strengthen imperial control.

Chapter 5 - Review 7: Describe colonial reaction to the Stamp Act.

Colonists organized the Stamp Act Congress, issued petitions, formed the Sons and Daughters of Liberty, intimidated stamp distributors, and adopted nonimportation agreements. Parliament repealed the act in 1766 but passed the Declaratory Act asserting full authority over the colonies.

Chapter 5 - Review 8: Describe the intent and results of the Townshend Program.

The Townshend duties taxed imported glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea to raise revenue and pay royal officials independently of colonial assemblies. Colonial boycotts and protests followed, troops were sent to Boston, and Parliament repealed most duties in 1770 but retained the tea tax.

Chapter 5 - Review 9: Describe the origins and results of the Boston Massacre.

Tension grew after British troops were stationed in Boston to enforce customs laws. On March 5, 1770, soldiers fired into a hostile crowd and killed five colonists; Patriot propaganda transformed the incident into a symbol of British tyranny and intensified anti-British feeling.

Chapter 5 - Review 10: Describe the origins and results of the Boston Tea Party.

The Tea Act of 1773 gave the East India Company special advantages while preserving Parliament's tea tax. On December 16, colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor, leading Britain to punish Massachusetts with the Coercive or Intolerable Acts.

Chapter 5 - Review 11: Describe the American response to the Intolerable Acts.

The colonies sent supplies to Massachusetts, convened the First Continental Congress, condemned Parliament's actions, and created the Continental Association to halt trade with Britain. Local committees enforced the boycott and communities began preparing militias for armed resistance.

Chapter 5 - Review 12: Name the location of the first battle of the American Revolution.

Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, on April 19, 1775.

Chapter 5 - Review 13: Discuss the accomplishments of the Second Continental Congress.

It created the Continental Army, appointed George Washington commander, raised money and supplies, managed diplomacy, and sent the Olive Branch Petition. It later approved the Declaration of Independence and directed the war effort as the colonies became states.

Chapter 5 - Review 14: List the advantages and disadvantages of both the Americans and British in the Revolution.

Americans had strong motivation, home-terrain knowledge, militia networks, Washington's leadership, and eventually French aid, but suffered from weak finances, shortages, short enlistments, and internal Loyalist opposition. Britain had a professional army, powerful navy, greater wealth, and Loyalist and Hessian support, but faced long supply lines, unfamiliar terrain, divided public opinion, and the difficulty of occupying a vast country.

Chapter 5 - Review 15: Explain Washington's military strategy in the American Revolution.

Washington's main goal was to preserve the Continental Army rather than risk destruction in one decisive battle. He used retreats, surprise attacks, and limited engagements to prolong the war, exhaust British will, and wait for foreign assistance and favorable opportunities.

Chapter 5 - Review 16: Describe the British military strategy in 1776.

Britain concentrated a large army and navy around New York to destroy Washington's army, control the Hudson region, and isolate New England. The British captured New York City and drove the Americans through New Jersey but failed to destroy the Continental Army, allowing Washington to recover at Trenton and Princeton.

Chapter 5 - Review 17: Describe the British military strategy in 1777.

Britain planned to isolate New England by having Burgoyne advance south from Canada toward Albany while other forces moved along the Hudson. General Howe instead captured Philadelphia, coordination collapsed, and Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga.

Chapter 5 - Review 18: Describe the short-term and long-term results of the Battle of Saratoga.

In the short term, Burgoyne's surrender in October 1777 stopped the British northern campaign and greatly improved American morale. In the long term, it persuaded France to form an alliance with the United States in 1778, turning the rebellion into a global war and providing vital money, troops, weapons, and naval power.

Chapter 5 - Review 19: Evaluate the British military Southern strategy.

The British captured Savannah and Charleston and expected large numbers of southern Loyalists to restore royal control. They overestimated Loyalist support, could not hold the countryside against Patriot militia and guerrillas, and pushed Cornwallis into Virginia, where French and American forces trapped him at Yorktown; therefore, the strategy ultimately failed.

Chapter 5 - Review 20: List the results of the Treaty of Paris of 1783.

Britain recognized American independence and granted territory from the Atlantic to the Mississippi River and from Canada to Spanish Florida. Americans received fishing rights near Newfoundland, agreed that lawful debts should be paid, and Congress promised to recommend restoration of Loyalist property.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Boston Massacre

A March 5, 1770 clash in which British soldiers fired into a Boston crowd and killed five colonists. Patriot leaders used the event to inflame anti-British sentiment.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Boston Tea Party

The December 16, 1773 protest in which colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped East India Company tea into Boston Harbor to oppose the tea tax and parliamentary authority.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Coercive Acts

Four punitive laws passed by Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. Colonists called them the Intolerable Acts because they closed Boston Harbor, restricted Massachusetts government, and expanded imperial control.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Committees of Correspondence

Intercolonial communication networks that circulated information about British policies, coordinated resistance, and helped create colonial unity.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Common Sense

Thomas Paine's influential 1776 pamphlet that attacked monarchy and urged ordinary Americans to support independence and republican government.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: First Continental Congress

The 1774 meeting of delegates from twelve colonies that condemned British policies, denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies, created the Continental Association, and urged preparations for resistance.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Parliamentary Sovereignty

The belief that Parliament held supreme and unlimited authority over Britain and its empire and that its laws were not subject to review by another political body.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Loyalists

Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution. They were also called Tories.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Stamp Act Congress

The October 1765 meeting of delegates from nine colonies in New York that protested the Stamp Act and asserted that only colonial representatives could tax colonists.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Stamp Act of 1765

A direct tax on newspapers, legal documents, licenses, playing cards, and other printed materials that triggered widespread colonial resistance.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Second Continental Congress

The colonial assembly that met in Philadelphia beginning in 1775, created the Continental Army, appointed Washington, managed the war, and eventually approved independence.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Treaty of Paris of 1783

The peace treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, recognized United States independence, established generous national boundaries, and addressed debts, Loyalist property, and fishing rights.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Whigs

In the Revolution, Americans who opposed British imperial policies and supported resistance or independence. They used the name in contrast to Loyalists or Tories.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Yorktown

The 1781 Virginia campaign in which Washington's and Rochambeau's armies, supported by a French fleet, forced Cornwallis to surrender and effectively ended major fighting.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: The Association

The intercolonial trade agreement created by the First Continental Congress to stop imports from and exports to Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Committees of Safety

Local revolutionary organizations that enforced the Continental Association, organized militias, collected supplies, and increasingly replaced royal authority.

Chapter 5 - Key Term: Ethiopian Regiment

A British military unit organized in 1775 by Virginia governor Lord Dunmore from enslaved men who were promised freedom for leaving Patriot masters and serving the Crown.

Chapter 6 - Review 1: Name the American political and social reforms in 1783.

Republican reforms abolished or weakened aristocratic customs such as primogeniture and entail, reduced property requirements for voting, moved some capitals westward for fairer representation, and reduced formal titles. States also debated religious establishment, expanded education, and began gradual emancipation in parts of the North.

Chapter 6 - Review 2: Explain the position of African Americans in 1783.

Revolutionary ideals encouraged abolition petitions and gradual emancipation in several northern states, and some enslaved people gained freedom. Nevertheless, slavery remained powerful in the South, and free Black Americans faced segregation and exclusion from voting, juries, militias, education, and equal church participation.

Chapter 6 - Review 3: Describe the new state constitutions written during and after the Revolution.

The constitutions established republican governments based on popular sovereignty, written limits, elected legislatures, and usually bills of rights. Most favored bicameral legislatures and weak governors, although Pennsylvania created a highly democratic unicameral system and Massachusetts later adopted a stronger executive and a separate ratifying convention.

Chapter 6 - Review 4: Explain the purpose and structure of the Articles of Confederation.

The Articles created a loose union for cooperation in war, diplomacy, western lands, and common concerns while preserving state sovereignty. The national government consisted of a one-house Congress with one vote per state and had no independent executive, national judiciary, direct taxing power, or reliable power to enforce laws.

Chapter 6 - Review 5: Name the major obstacle to ratification of the Articles of Confederation.

Disputes over western land claims. Maryland refused to ratify until states with large western claims agreed to cede those lands to the national government.

Chapter 6 - Review 6: Describe the accomplishments of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and Northwest Ordinance of 1787.

The Land Ordinance created an orderly survey system of townships and sections, provided land sales to raise revenue, and reserved land for public schools. The Northwest Ordinance established territorial government, guaranteed basic rights, created a path to equal statehood, and prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River.

Chapter 6 - Review 7: List the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Congress could not levy direct taxes, regulate interstate or foreign trade, enforce its laws, or compel states to provide money or soldiers. There was no separate executive or national court system, each state had one vote regardless of size, major laws required nine states, and amendments required unanimity.

Chapter 6 - Review 8: Explain the events that led to the calling of the Constitutional Convention.

War debt, economic depression, unstable currencies, interstate trade disputes, British occupation of frontier forts, and Spain's restriction of the Mississippi exposed national weakness. The unsuccessful Annapolis Convention called for a broader meeting, while Shays's Rebellion convinced many leaders that a stronger national government was urgently needed.

Chapter 6 - Review 9: Describe the financial and social status of most delegates to the Constitutional Convention.

Most delegates were affluent, educated, property-owning white men, including lawyers, merchants, planters, creditors, and Revolutionary leaders. They generally favored order, protection of property, and stronger national authority, although they represented different regional and economic interests.

Chapter 6 - Review 10: List the provisions of the Virginia Plan.

The Virginia Plan proposed a strong national government with legislative, executive, and judicial branches; a bicameral Congress with representation based on population or financial contribution; a national executive and judiciary selected by the legislature; and broad national power, including authority over conflicting state laws.

Chapter 6 - Review 11: List the provisions of the New Jersey Plan.

The New Jersey Plan preserved a unicameral Congress with equal state voting but granted Congress new powers to tax and regulate commerce. It also proposed a plural executive, a national judiciary, and federal supremacy over conflicting state laws.

Chapter 6 - Review 12: List the provisions of the Connecticut Plan.

The Great Compromise created a bicameral Congress. Representation in the House of Representatives would be based on population, each state would receive two senators, and revenue bills would begin in the House.

Chapter 6 - Review 13: Explain the status of enslaved people within the Constitution.

The Constitution avoided the word slavery but protected the institution through the three-fifths clause, the fugitive slave clause, and protection of the Atlantic slave trade until 1808. These compromises increased southern representation and required national cooperation in preserving slavery.

Chapter 6 - Review 14: Describe the position of the executive branch in the Constitution.

The Constitution created a single president elected indirectly through the Electoral College for a four-year term. The president could execute laws, command the military, veto legislation, conduct diplomacy, and appoint officials and judges with Senate participation, while remaining subject to impeachment.

Chapter 6 - Review 15: Discuss how the Constitution was ratified.

The Constitution went to specially elected state conventions and required approval by nine states. Federalists promoted it through organized campaigns and the Federalist Papers, while Anti-Federalists demanded stronger protections for liberty; promises to add a bill of rights helped secure narrow victories in key states such as Virginia and New York.

Chapter 6 - Review 16: List the advantages of the Federalists.

Federalists had prominent national leaders such as Washington, Franklin, Hamilton, and Madison; stronger organization, money, newspapers, and support among commercial groups; and a specific proposed Constitution to defend. Their opponents were diverse and had to argue for continuation or revision of an obviously weak system.

Chapter 6 - Review 17: Describe the beliefs of the Anti-Federalists.

Anti-Federalists feared that a powerful distant government, president, standing army, and federal courts would threaten liberty and favor an aristocracy. They defended state and local authority, demanded more direct representation, and insisted that the Constitution include a bill of rights.

Chapter 6 - Review 18: Describe in economic and geographic terms who supported the Constitution.

Support was strongest among merchants, creditors, professionals, commercial farmers, and residents of seaports, towns, and market-connected coastal regions. Opposition was stronger among small farmers, debtors, and residents of rural backcountry and frontier areas who feared taxes and distant authority.

Chapter 6 - Review 19: Name the major legacy of the Anti-Federalists.

Their greatest legacy was the Bill of Rights. Their arguments also created a lasting American tradition of defending civil liberties, local government, and limits on centralized power.

Chapter 6 - Review 20: Name the major rights included under the Bill of Rights.

The Bill of Rights protects religion, speech, press, assembly, petition, arms, privacy from unreasonable searches, due process, jury trials, counsel, and protection from cruel punishment. It also recognizes unlisted rights and reserves undelegated powers to the states or the people.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: African Methodist Episcopal Church

The first independent Black-run Protestant denomination in the United States, founded by Richard Allen in 1816. It supported abolition and education for free Black communities.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: Articles of Confederation

The first United States constitution, ratified in 1781, which created a loose confederation and a weak one-house Congress without direct taxing or coercive power.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, ratified in 1791, protecting individual liberties and reserving undelegated powers to the states or people.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution and a stronger national government. Leading Federalists argued that national power was necessary for order, security, commerce, and public credit.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: Anti-Federalists

Opponents or critics of the Constitution who feared centralized power, defended state authority, and demanded a bill of rights.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: Natural Rights

Fundamental rights that people possess by nature and that legitimate governments must protect rather than control or remove.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: Northwest Ordinance

The 1787 law that organized the Northwest Territory, established a path to territorial government and equal statehood, protected certain rights, and prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: Republicanism

The belief that political power derives from the people and that liberty depends on representative government, civic virtue, independence, and resistance to corruption.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: Shays's Rebellion

The 1786-1787 uprising of indebted western Massachusetts farmers led by Daniel Shays. Its attempt to close courts exposed the Confederation government's weakness and encouraged calls for the Constitutional Convention.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: Three-Fifths Rule

The constitutional rule counting three-fifths of a state's enslaved population when calculating representation in the House and direct federal taxes, increasing slave-state political power.

Chapter 6 - Key Term: Virginia Plan

Madison's proposal for a strong three-branch national government and a bicameral legislature with state representation based on population.

Chapter 7 - Review 1: Explain George Washington's first responsibility as President.

Washington's first responsibility was to make the new constitutional government legitimate and functional. He had to establish precedents, appoint trustworthy officials, define the presidency's role, and build public confidence without appearing monarchical.

Chapter 7 - Review 2: Describe how Congress expanded the executive branch in 1789.

Congress created the Departments of State, Treasury, and War and established the office of attorney general. Their secretaries advised Washington and gradually formed the president's cabinet, while Congress recognized the president's authority to remove executive officials.

Chapter 7 - Review 3: Describe how Congress expanded the judicial branch in 1789.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 created a six-member Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of attorney general. It defined federal jurisdiction and allowed certain state-court decisions involving federal law to be reviewed.

Chapter 7 - Review 4: Discuss the background and political beliefs of Alexander Hamilton.

Hamilton was a Caribbean-born immigrant, Revolutionary officer, Washington aide, lawyer, and committed nationalist. He distrusted mass democracy and favored a strong central government, public credit, banking, manufacturing, commercial ties with Britain, and a broad or loose interpretation of the Constitution.

Chapter 7 - Review 5: Discuss the background and political beliefs of Thomas Jefferson.

Jefferson was a Virginia planter, enslaver, author of the Declaration, diplomat, and secretary of state. He favored an agrarian republic of independent white farmers, limited federal authority, states' rights, strict constitutional interpretation, low debt, and sympathy toward revolutionary France.

Chapter 7 - Review 6: Describe the four parts of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan in his three Reports.

Hamilton proposed funding the national debt at full face value, federal assumption of state Revolutionary debts, creation of the Bank of the United States, and government support for manufacturing through protective tariffs, subsidies, and economic development.

Chapter 7 - Review 7: Name the opponents of the National Bank.

Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Democratic-Republicans, strict constructionists, and many southern and agrarian interests opposed the bank.

Chapter 7 - Review 8: Explain how Alexander Hamilton convinced Congress to accept the National Bank.

Hamilton argued that the necessary and proper clause gave Congress implied powers to create a bank as a useful means of taxing, borrowing, regulating commerce, and managing public funds. Political bargaining and Washington's acceptance of Hamilton's constitutional argument secured enactment.

Chapter 7 - Review 9: Name the portion of Hamilton's financial plan Congress defeated.

Congress rejected most of Hamilton's Report on Manufactures, particularly its plan for broad industrial subsidies and protective government support.

Chapter 7 - Review 10: Name the event that touched off debate on American foreign policy.

The French Revolution and the outbreak of war between revolutionary France and Britain in 1793.

Chapter 7 - Review 11: Explain the basic beliefs of the Democratic-Republican Party in 1791.

Democratic-Republicans favored limited federal power, states' rights, strict constitutional interpretation, an agrarian economy of independent farmers, sympathy for France, and distrust of banks, standing armies, public debt, and concentrated wealth.

Chapter 7 - Review 12: Explain the basic beliefs of the Federalist Party in 1791.

Federalists favored a strong national government, loose constitutional interpretation, public credit, a national bank, commerce and manufacturing, close economic relations with Britain, maintenance of order, and leadership by educated property holders.

Chapter 7 - Review 13: Describe George Washington's foreign policy in 1793.

Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation and attempted to keep the weak United States out of the European war. He resisted French envoy Edmond Genet's efforts to recruit Americans and established a precedent of avoiding entanglement while defending American commerce.

Chapter 7 - Review 14: Discuss the results of Jay's Treaty in 1794.

Britain agreed to evacuate frontier forts and submit some debt and seizure disputes to commissions. The treaty failed to end impressment or fully protect neutral shipping, angered many Americans, narrowly passed the Senate, hardened party divisions, and helped produce Spanish concessions in Pinckney's Treaty.

Chapter 7 - Review 15: Describe the origins and results of the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794.

Western farmers resisted Hamilton's 1791 excise tax because whiskey was economically important and difficult to tax fairly on the frontier. After violence against officials, Washington mobilized a large militia and the resistance collapsed, demonstrating federal power while deepening Republican fears of centralized coercion.

Chapter 7 - Review 16: Name the winners of the national election of 1796.

Federalist John Adams became president, while Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson became vice president under the original electoral system.

Chapter 7 - Review 17: Describe the state of French-American relations in 1797.

Relations were near crisis because France viewed Jay's Treaty as pro-British, seized American merchant ships, and refused to receive American diplomats. The XYZ Affair intensified anger and led to the undeclared Quasi-War at sea.

Chapter 7 - Review 18: Explain the real purpose of the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Although defended as national-security laws, their political purpose was to weaken the Democratic-Republicans by restricting immigrant political influence, allowing action against foreign critics, and punishing opposition newspapers and speakers.

Chapter 7 - Review 19: Describe the Democratic-Republican responses to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

Jefferson and Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, arguing that the federal government had exceeded its delegated powers and that states could interpose against unconstitutional acts. Republicans also organized voters, defended the press, and used the controversy in the election of 1800.

Chapter 7 - Review 20: Name the winners of the national election of 1800.

Thomas Jefferson became president and Aaron Burr became vice president after the House of Representatives resolved their Electoral College tie. The election produced a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: Alien and Sedition Acts

Four Federalist laws passed in 1798 that lengthened naturalization, empowered the president against certain aliens, and criminalized some criticism of the federal government. They were used mainly against Republican opponents.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: Bank of the United States

The national bank chartered in 1791 to hold federal funds, issue reliable currency, make loans, and support government finance and commerce.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: Farewell Address

Washington's 1796 public message urging national unity, warning against destructive parties and permanent foreign alliances, and emphasizing morality, public credit, and independence in foreign policy.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: French Revolution

The revolution beginning in 1789 that overthrew France's monarchy and divided Americans between Republicans sympathetic to France and Federalists alarmed by radical violence.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: Implied Powers

Federal powers not stated word for word in the Constitution but inferred from enumerated powers and the necessary and proper clause, as Hamilton argued in defending the national bank.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: Jay's Treaty

The controversial 1794 agreement in which Britain evacuated western forts and addressed some claims but did not stop impressment or fully respect American neutral rights.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

The 1798-1799 statements written by Jefferson and Madison declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional and asserting a state role in resisting federal overreach.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: Nullification

The theory that a state may declare a federal law unconstitutional and refuse to recognize or enforce it within the state.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: Quasi-War

The undeclared naval conflict between the United States and France from 1798 to 1800, fought mainly through attacks on shipping in the Atlantic and Caribbean.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: Whiskey Rebellion

The 1794 western Pennsylvania resistance to the federal whiskey excise. Washington's militia response demonstrated that the new federal government could enforce its laws.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: XYZ Affair

The 1797-1798 diplomatic scandal in which French intermediaries demanded money before negotiations with American envoys, producing anti-French outrage and the slogan that Americans would spend money for defense but not tribute.

Chapter 7 - Key Term: Report on Public Credit

Hamilton's 1790 proposal to fund federal securities at full value and have the national government assume state Revolutionary debts in order to establish credit and bind wealthy investors to the new government.