antibiotics

Drugs for enterococcus

extended spectrum pinicillins (am…icillin)

quinolones (-floxacin)

nitrofurantoin

Drugs for strep

natural penicillins

lincosamides (clindamycin)

streptogramins (quinupristin/dalfopristin)

quinolones (-floxacin)

Drugs for staph

penicillinase resistant

(lipo) glycopeptides (vanc)

lincosamides (clindamycin)

streptogramins (pristins)

sulfonamides (sulfas)

Drugs for pseudomonas

anti-pseudomonal penicillins (pip/tazo)

ceftazidime

cefepime

cefiderocol

ceftolozane/tazobactam

carbapenems (end in penem)

aztreonam

aminoglycosides (have -micin ending, but not unique to these)

(fluoro)quinolones (floxacin)

polymyxins

Drugs for MRSA

DOC is IV vancomycin

other glycopeptides effective as well (vanc)

tetracyclines

lincosamides

oxazolids

streptogramins if oxazolids fail

delafloxacin

sulfonamides

Drugs for C. difficile

DOC is oral vancomycin (a glycopeptide)

if that doesn’t work, use fidaxomicin (a macrolide)

Which rifamycins are used for mycobacterium tuberculosis?

rifampin

rifapentine

which rifamycins are used for traveler’s diarrhea?

rifamycin

rifamixin

which rifamycins are used for mycobacterium avium complex?

rifabutin

MOA for tetracyclines

“cycline)

bind to the 30s ribosomal subunit and block RNA-mediated protein synthesis

name tag and MOA for aminoclycosides

they all end in cin or mycin but that isn’t special

bind to the 30s ribosomal subunit and block RNA-mediated protein synthesis

name tag and MOA for macrolides

“THROmycin”

bind to the 50s subunit and block RNA-mediated protein synthesis

name tag and MOA for lincosamides

just clindamycin

bind to the 23s ribosomal RNA of the 50s subunit and block RNA-mediated protein synthesis

specifically above the diaphragm

name tag and MOA for oxazolids

“zolid”

bind to 23s ribosomal RNA of the 50S subunit to block RNA-mediated protein synthesis

name tag and MOA for streptogramins

the “pristin” drugs bind to different portions of the 50S subunit and block RNA-mediated protein synthesis

name tag and MOA for quinolones

“floxacin”

inhibit DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) in gram negatives and inhibit topoisomerase IV in gram positives

name tag and MOA for nitroimidazoles

“idazoles” and there is only metronidazole

DOC for below the diaphragm anaerobes

diffuses to the cytoplasm and is reduced to a free radical. There, it interacts with DNA, blocks its synthesis, and ultimately leads to its degradation

name tag and MOA for rifamycins

“rifa”

bind to the beta-subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, inhibiting the binding of enzyme to DNA and blocking RNA transcription

name tag and MOA for nitrofurantoin

no name tag

bacteria will reduce them to reactive intermediate compounds that will collectively inactivate bacterial ribosomal macromolecules, thus inhibiting multiple biochemical processes in bacteria

name tag and MOA for sulfonamides

there is only the combo between sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP)

TMP inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, blocking production of tetrahydrofolic acid

SMZ inhibits PABA, blocking production of dihydrofolic acid

name tag and MOA for polymyxins

just polymyxin B and colistin

bind to anionic outer member, displacing magnesium/calcium from binding sites and disrupting membrane integrity

What drugs are useful for extended spectrum beta-lactamases

carbapenems

what is daptomycin good at treating?

VRE (vancomycin resistant enterococci)

which drugs treat VRE

daptomycin

oxazolids

streptogramins if oxazolids fail

nitrofurantoin

which drug is for e. coli

nitrofurantoin

drugs for klebsiella

nitrofurantoin and the sulfonamide duo

what are the “buckets”

Cell wall synth inhibitors

Protein synthesis inhibitors (30S/50S)

Nucleic acid inhibitors (DNA/RNA)

Essential metabolite inhibitors (folic acid)

membrane injury

list the types of cell wall synth inhibitors

penicillins

cephalosporins

carbapenems

monobactams

(lipo)glycopeptides

list the different kinds of penicillins

natural

extended spectrum

penicillinase-resistant

anti-pseudomonal

list the protein synthesis inhibitors and what they inhibit

tetracyclines (30S)

aminoglycosides (30S)

macrolides (50S)

lincosamides (23S on 50S)

oxazolids (23S on 50S)

streptogramins (50S)

list the different nucleic acid inhibitors and what they inhibit

(fluoro)quinolones (topo II on gm-, topo IV on gm+)

nitroimidazoles (become free radicals that harm DNA)

rifamycins (b-DNA-dependent RNA pol)

misc.

• nitrofurantoin (become reactive intermediates that alter essential RNA processes)

• gepotidacin (same as fluoroquinolones)

list the different essential metabolite inhibitors and what they inhibit

Sulfonamides (TMP blocks dihydrofolate reductase → no tetrahydrofolic acid, SMZ blocks PABA → no dihydrofolic acid)

list the different membrane injury drugs and what they specifically inhibit

polymyxins (bind to the outer membrane and displace magnesium/calcium)

what is tigecycline for?

carbapenemase-producing enterobacter/acinetobacter

What is the role of cilastatin?

a renal peptidase enzyme inhibitor that allows the drug to stick around longer

specifically, it inhibits DHP-1 in proximal tubule, this enzyme metabolizes drugs

it is NOT a B-lactamase inhibitor

what is the function of B-lactam

these antibiotics are beta lactamase inhibitors, so they allow the antibiotic to bind to penicillin binding protein and mess with cell wall synth