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building blocks of RNA and DNA
what are nucleotides
A=T, C=G
chargaff's rule
gouty arthritis
what is the result of excess purines
megaloblastic anemia
what is the result of defects in pyrimidine synthesis
red sores on tongue
what is the oral manifestation of megaloblastic anemia
chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell
nucleosomes
DNA coiled around histones
euchromatin
The less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription.
heterochromatin
Eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed.
helicase
An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
DNA primase
synthesizes a short RNA primer to provide a 3'-OH group for the attachment of DNA nucleotides
topoisomerase
corrects "overwinding"/ supercoiling ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
DNA polymerase III
synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
mismatch repair
The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides.
DNA ligase
Connects okazaki fragments
DNA polymerase I
removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
Pritelivir
viral helicase inhibitor effective against Herpes simplex virus
blocks ligation and leads to cell death
what does topoisomerase inhibitor do?
Quinolones
topoisomerase inhibitor used for treatment of skin and tissue infections, chronic bronchitis, community-acquired and nosocomial pneumonia, and UTI
Anti-cancer drugs
other use for topoisomerase inhibitor?
acyclovir
DNA polymerase inhibitor effective against herpes simplex virus and shinglees
Telomeres
Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.
telomerase
An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells.
DNA damage response
what is the result of short telomeres
cellular senescence, tumor suppreessor mechanism, and apoptosis
what is a DNA damage response
Dyskeratosis Congenita
genetic disease causing accelerated shortening of telomeres. may result from lowered telomerase activity
direct reversal
alkylation damage reversed when alkyl group transferred
base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair
DNA damage cleaved by endo/exonuclease and correct base inserted
Non-homologous end joining
A mechanism for repairing double-strand breaks in DNA that involves quickly bringing together, trimming, and rejoining the two broken ends; results in a loss of information at the site of repair.
lynch syndrome
defects in mismatch repair, leads to high risk of colon cancer and endometrial cancer
Xereoderma Pigmentosum
hypersensitivity to UV caused by defective nucleotide excision repair
Induce mRNA degradation and translational repression
role of miRNA
remove negative regulation by miRNA
role of lncRNA
alternative splicing
Splicing of introns in a pre-mRNA that occurs in different ways, variations allow one gene to code for many different proteins