Pysch Study Guide 2

which type of attachment is characterized by a strong bond and a sense of security?

secure

Children with a difficult temperament are likely to:

resist changes and show intense emotions

which parenting style is associated with having minimal rules and doing whatever the child wants?

permissive

In which parenting style do parents set clear expectations but also provide emotional support?

Authoritative

Which of the following abilities do children in the concrete operational stage NOT possess?

engaging in abstract reasoning

a 5-year old child insists that their stuffed animal is sad when it's left alone. This reflects which characteristic of the pre-operational stage?

Animism

a 4-yeard old child decides to organize a small play group and assigns roles to everybody. This behavior is an example of which of Erikson's stages?

Initiative vs. guilt

What is the primary function of the corpus callosum?

to connect the left and right hemispheres

Josh is a 3rd grader and is able to tune out the sound of Harry's figet toy behind him and focus on the vocabulary lesson being taught. What cognitive ability develops significantly during middle childhood and allows him to do this?

selective attention

Linda receives a low grade on a math rest and thinks to herself "I guess I'm just not good at math. There's no point in ever trying since I always fail." This thought refelcts which type of mindset?

Fixed mindset

Which of the followinf best describes the concept of gender constancy?

the realization that gender remains the same despite changes in appearance and behavior.

Which of the following best describes autobiographical memory?

memory of specific events in a person's life, including context and personal emotions

During a class project, a group of children sort a collection of colored blocks into groups based on color and then reorganize them by shape. This ability to categorize items demonstrates which skill from Piaget's concrete operational stage?

Class inclusion

Which of the following activities primarily invovles gross motor skills?

playing freeze tag

What is the primary change that occurs during andrenarche?

activation of the adrenal glands leading to higher levels of androgens

During play group, Mara deliberately excludes May from playing with dolls and spreads a rumor that May smells bad. This behavior is an example of:

relational aggression

In the context of Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory "scaffolding" refers to:

the gradual removal of assistance as the child become more competent

Which of the following statements is most likely for a child in the early childhood period use to describe themselves?

"I have brown hair and brown eyes"

Ana is an infant. When her mother touches the corner of her mouth, Ana turns her head and starts to suck. Which relfex is Ana demonstrating?

Rooting reflex

An infant is shown a colorful toy repeatedly and initially looks at it with interest. However, after several presentation, the infant's attention decreases, and they loook away. However, when they are shown a second, different toy, their interest is renewed and they begin looking for longer again. The change in response when the second toy was introduced is an example of:

Dishabituation

Which of the following examples best illustrates and infant's receptive language?

an infant being able to recognize many words, such as their name or instructions, before they themselves can verbalize words.

Evan is an infant participating in a visual cliff study. When he approaches the "deep" end of the cliff, he stops crawling. His father stands on the other end and smiles at him encouragingly as well as gesturing him to crawl forward. Once he sees this, Evan continues to crawl forward over the "deep" end. What ability did Evan use to make his decision?

Social Referencing

Which part of the informaton processing system is considered to be a control processor that directs the flow of information and regulates cognitive activities such as attention and problem solving?

Central executive

Which of the following describes an infant's visual capabilities?

Infants initally have very poor vision

Dyscalculia

a specific learning disorder related to mathmatics

Corpus Callosum

the part of the brain that connects the left and right hemispheres

zone of proximal development

in vygotsky's theory, the gap between a child's competence level, wht they do alone, and what they can do with assistance.

relational aggression

aggression used to harm the social status of somebody else

instrumental agression

aggression used to obtain a specific goal

recognition

the ability to remember previously encountered stimuli when presented with them again

proximodistal development

growth from the center of the body outwards, towards the hands and feet

cephalocaudal development

growth from the top of the head downwards, towards the feet

synaptic pruning

the loss of unused synapses to increase efficiency of the brain

Habituation

when repreated exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual decline of intensity, frequency, or duration of a response

Social Referencing

reading emotional cues in others to determine how to act in an unfamiliar situation

Egocentrism

inability to distinguish between one's own and another's viewpoint

moro reflex

when theres is loss to support to the head and neck, and infant will throw out their arms

theory of mind

awareness that our own beliefs are different from others

Selective attention

focusing on relevant information and ignoring distractions

Babinski reflex

the fanning of the toes in response to a stroke on the bottom of the foot