Chemistry Quiz 1

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

Changes magnetic orientation.

Infra-red spectroscopy

Molecular vibration. This allows use to see single and double bonds and metal-ligand interactions in transition metals.

UV-visible

Promoted to a higher energy state

x-ray crystallography

How all atoms in a molecule are connected in a three-dimensional arrangement.

How to figure out energy

E=hv

E

energy in Js

v

frequency

λ

Wavelength

λ measurements

nm so have to multiple by 10^-9 to get back into meters to calculate

How to calculate wavelength

c=λv

c

speed of light - 2.998×10⁸m/s

h

Planck’s constant - 6.626×10^-34

Using a IR Spectrum

Find the peaks and compare with the most unique of the 3. THE C-H BONDS DONT REALLY MATTER.

Ketone

Aldehydes

Esters

Amides

Amines

Can be with an H group or 3 R groups.

Acid chlorides

Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Allows scientists to know the ionization energy of all electrons in the atom.

What electron energy has the highest ionization energy?

1s because it is the closest the the nucleus and has the least amount of energy so this would have less of a shielding affect.

Equation to calculate Ionization Energy

E=IE+KI

Quantum Number

n,l,m_l,m_s

n

Principle quantum number (THE ENERGY LEVEL)

l

Orbital angular movement

l numbers for 2nd quantum number

s=0,p=1,d=2,f=3

m_l

_{the negative l to l (ie d goes from -2 to 2)}

m_s

This is for spin. up=1/2, down= -1/2

Steps to solve a redox acid reaction

1. Balance out any of the molecules THAT ARE NOT WATER OR HYDROGEN

2. Add water to balance out the oxygens

3. Add H⁺ ion to balance out

4. Add electrons to both half reactions

5. multiple by a co-efficient to make the 2 half-reactions balance

Steps to solve a redox basic reaction

1. Balance out any of the molecules THAT ARE NOT WATER OR HYDROGEN

2. Add water to balance out the oxygens

3. Add H⁺ ion to balance out

4. ADD OH^- IONS TO BALANCE OUT THE H⁺ ADD THEM TO BOTH SIDES

5. Add the OH^- and H⁺ ions together to make water

6. Add electrons to both half reactions

7. multiple by a co-efficient to make the 2 half-reactions balance

Photons

As electrons after being excited relaxes it releases a photon particle of light.

Action of a photon

Photons act both as a particle and a wave.

Beer-Lambert Law

A = εbc

A

Absorbency

ε

Molar Absorbance Coefficient (NO UNITS)

b

Pathway of curette (usually 1.0cm) (Units:cm)

c

Concentration (moles/L)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

The spectrum that all light is measured in as LIGHT IS ENERGY

Higher energy light

Shorter wavelength (Violet and UV)

Lower energy light

Longer wavelengths (Red and Infrared)

How to read a PES

The number of humps is the number of orbital shells, and the ones with the least amount of ionization energy should be a specific level as you could then tell the element.

Why would there be a shift left for all humps but the last one which shifts right for a PES?

There is 1 more proton so there is more attraction but at the end there end up also being one more electron so there is more of a shielding affect which allows for it to release with less energy.