Biol 101: A Tour of the Cell - Chapter 4 Overview

Cells

What is the smallest unit that displays all the properties of life?

Unicellular

Organisms are made of one cell.

Multicellular

Organisms are made of many cells.

Multicellular

Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular?

Unicellular

Is amoeba unicellular or multicellular?

Eukaryotic cells

Which is larger?

Prokaryotic cells

Which is older evolutionarily?

Central vacuole, cell wall, and chloroplast

What 3 things are found in plant cells and not in animal cells?

No

Do animal cells have a cell wall?

Nutrients and water

What is stored in the central vacuole?

The cell organelle that allows the plants to do photosynthesis.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

Entire region between nucleus and plasma membrane.

What is cytoplasm?

Fluid inside the cell; surrounds each organelle.

What is cytosol?

A structure in a cell with a specific job that helps the cell function.

What is a cell organelle?

Protects cell, provides strength and rigidity, and prevents cells from bursting.

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

Regulates passage of molecules in and out of the cell and protects the cell from the surrounding environment.

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

On the sticky outer coat of animal cells.

Where is extracellular fluid found?

Phospholipids

Which organic molecule is the plasma membrane mainly composed of?

Two layers.

What is the meaning of the term 'bilayer'?

Phospholipid head

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

Phospholipid tails

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

Fluid mosaic

It's a fluid mosaic because the phospholipids can move slightly. It's a mosaic because it's little pieces being held together.

Phospholipid organization

The hydrophilic heads are facing towards the water, and the hydrophobic tails are facing away from the water.

Functions of extracellular matrix

Attracts water to cell, anchors cell, allows communication between cells of the tissue, and acts as a marker for recognition of cell.

Proteoglycan/glycoprotein

Protein with sugar carbohydrate.

Glycolipid

Lipid with sugar carbohydrate.

Nucleus

Provides the blueprints for building proteins and maintaining the proper function of the cell; Protective compartment where DNA is stored inside.

Nuclear envelope

What is the wrapper for the nucleus?

Chromatin vs Chromosome

Chromosomes are only found in cells that are getting ready to divide, chromatin is found in normal cells that aren't dividing.

In a dividing cell would you see chromatin or chromosomes?

Chromosome.

What is made by the nucleolus?

Ribosomal RNA.

Ribosomes

Help translate mRNA into proteins and amino acids; Protein synthesis occurs here.

What are ribosomes made of?

Ribosomal RNA and proteins.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

The site of synthesis and initial transport for protein; Makes phospholipids and new plasma membrane.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

Can synthesize steroids.

SER Function

Storage of ions like calcium.

Golgi apparatus

Processes proteins and packages them into vesicles to be transported within the cell or secreted.

Golgi apparatus analogy

Compared to a UPS store.

Lysosomes

Contain digestive enzymes.

Lysosome Function

Provide a location for dangerous chemical reactions to take place.

Vacuoles

General function is to store nutrients and substances.

Central Vacuole of Plants

Stores water.

Animal Cell Vacuoles

Store nutrients.

Animal Cell Vacuole Function

Transporting material into the cell; endocytosis and exocytosis.

Chloroplast Membrane

It is a double membrane, it has an outer and inner membrane.

Mitochondrion

Organelles that perform cell respiration.

Energy Molecule from Mitochondrion

ATP.

ATP

Short for Adenosine triphosphate.

Mitochondrion Membrane

It is a double membrane, it has an inner and outer membrane. The inner membrane has lots of folds.

Mitochondria in Plant Cells

Yes.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Describes the organelles that are included in this theory.

Evidence of Prokaryotes

1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and make many of their own proteins. 2. Both replicate independently. 3. Ribosomes are the same size as bacterial ribosomes. 4. Double membrane present.

Endosymbiotic Organelles

Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Advantage for Eukaryotic Cell

It's going to engulf an aerobic bacteria, which is a bacteria that uses oxygen to make ATP.

Cytoskeleton Functions

Provides structure and support for the cell, gives the cell its shape, anchors organelles inside the cells, and aids in chromosome movement and separation during cell division.

Microtubules Function

They act as train tracks for organelles.

Microtubule Movement

It can crawl along the outside of the tube to get to where it's going.

Amoeboid Movement

When an amoeba is able to move.

Flagella Function

Helps the sperm swim through the fluid environment to get to where it's going by whipping back and forth.

Human Cell with Flagellum

Sperm cell.

Cilia Function

Moving stuff over top of the cell in back and forth wafting movements.

Cilia Location in Humans

Inside the fallopian tubes and all through the respiratory system.