Health and Disease All Units

A woman faces an increased risk of developing breast cancer if:

 

she entered menopause at age 45.

 

her mother developed breast cancer at age 65.

 

she has no biological children.

 

she rarely consumes alcohol.

she has no biological children.

About half of cancer deaths are caused by:

 

exposure to radiation.

 

excessive alcohol consumption.

 

occupational exposure to carcinogens.

 

nutritional problems.

nutritional problems.

An agricultural chemical that causes cancer by altering the chromosomes in cells would be considered an example of a(n):

 

chemical carcinogen.

 

endocrine disruptor.

 

immunotherapy.

 

ACE inhibitor.

chemical carcinogen

Before going outside, Jeong checked the EPA website to find out the UV level for her area. What should Jeong do if the UV rating is 7?

 

Stay outside in the sun for as long as she likes

 

Limit her time outdoors in the sun

 

Stay indoors with the curtains open to let sunlight in

 

Stay indoors and pull the curtains to block out the sunlight

Limit her time outdoors in the sun

During metastasis, tumor cells break off and:

 

travel to other organs.

 

attach to a nearby site in the same organ.

 

are filtered out in the lymph nodes.

 

are destroyed by macrophages.

travel to other organs.

Smoking cigarettes increases the risk for _____ cancer.

 

colon

 

esophageal

 

skin

 

stomach

esophageal

What happens during a biopsy?

 

Cells are removed from a tumor for examination.

 

Radiation is applied to a tumor to kill cancerous cells.

 

A scope is applied to a tumor to examine the cells without excision.

 

Cancerous cells are destroyed by a probe that applies directed heat.

Cells are removed from a tumor for examination.

Which of the following genes is associated with the development of breast cancer?

 

BRCA2

 

PMS1

 

HPC1

 

SRD5A2

BRCA2

Which of the following people faces the greatest risk of developing mesothelioma?

 

Middle-aged alcoholic

 

Cigar enthusiast

 

Emergency room nurse

 

Asbestos miner

Asbestos miner

Which of the following types of cancer occurs most frequently?

 

Leukemia

 

Lymphoma

 

Carcinoma

 

Sarcoma

Carcinoma

Body cells carry how many pairs of chromosomes?

 

22

 

23

 

44

 

46

23

Chromosomes are found in which part of a cell?

 

Lysosome

 

Ribosome

 

Centriole

 

Nucleus

Nucleus

Genetic tests are most useful when they are used to:

 

determine the sex of the unborn child.

 

identify changes in chromosomes or genes in the unborn child.

 

help the parents decide whether to terminate a pregnancy.

 

prevent passing on genes that cause serious inherited disorders.

prevent passing on genes that cause serious inherited disorders.

Merlie got pregnant at age 38. Due to her age, her obstetrician suggested genetic testing of the fetal cells to identify any issues. The results showed that the fetus had Down syndrome. What is the issue with Merlie's fetus?

 

It is missing chromosome 21.

 

It has an extra chromosome 21.

 

It is missing chromosome 23.

 

It has an extra chromosome 23.

It has an extra chromosome 21.

The biological entities responsible for the transmission of hereditary traits are called:

 

genes.

 

mutations.

 

teratogens.

 

karyotypes.

genes

The male sex chromosomes include:

 

two X chromosomes.

 

two Y chromosomes.

 

one X and one Y chromosome.

 

neither X nor Y chromosomes.

one X and one Y chromosome.

What is unique about embryonic stem cells?

 

They never degenerate or die.

 

They can develop into any body tissue.

 

They are found only in certain groups of people.

 

They are identical to the mother's stem cells

They can develop into any body tissue.

Which of the following genetic disorders only affects females?

 

XYY syndrome

 

XXX syndrome

 

Klinefelter's syndrome

 

Down syndrome

XXX syndrome

Which of the following statements about ultrasound scanning is false?

 

It can be used to gauge the size of the fetus's head.

 

It can be used to help diagnose abnormal brain development.

 

It can detect the presence of multiple fetuses.

 

It can be used to identify biochemical abnormalities.

It can be used to identify biochemical abnormalities

The entirety of the DNA in an organism's cells is called the:

 

genome.

 

karyotype.

 

chromosome.

 

teratogen.

genome

A physician is most likely to prescribe a hypnotic to treat which condition?

 

ADHD

 

Post-surgical pain

 

Asthma

 

Insomnia

Insomnia

Consumers pay the most money for prescription drugs in which of the following countries?

 

United Kingdom

 

India

 

Canada

 

United States

United States

Habituation is characterized by:

 

a strong desire to quit using the drug.

 

an intense craving for the drug.

 

needing more of the drug to experience the same effect.

 

needing more of the drug to be able to physically function.

an intense craving for the drug

Rohypnol increases:

 

muscular tension.

 

relaxation.

 

inhibition.

 

speech activity.

relaxation

What does it mean if a medication prescription includes the abbreviation qd?

 

The medication should be taken every day.

 

The medication should be taken orally.

 

The medication should be taken after meals.

 

The medication should be taken at bedtime.

The medication should be taken every day.

When Jorma first started smoking tobacco, he could feel the effects of the nicotine after a single cigarette. Now that he has been smoking for a few years, he must often smoke three cigarettes before he feels the effects of the nicotine. What is happening to Jorma?

 

He is building a tolerance to nicotine.

 

He is experiencing nicotine withdrawal.

 

He has become psychologically dependent on cigarettes.

 

He has become physically dependent on cigarettes.

He is building a tolerance to nicotine.

Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of drug abuse?

 

Getting multiple speeding tickets

 

Periodically dropping children off at school a few minutes late

 

Several citations for driving under the influence

 

Having a beer with coworkers on Friday evening after work

Several citations for driving under the influence

Which of the following people is misusing drugs?

 

Jasmine, who took the full course of antibiotics prescribed by her doctor to treat her respiratory infection

 

Austin, who borrowed his mother's prescription antifungal cream to treat his athlete's foot

 

Yan, who stopped taking over-the-counter cold medication when her symptoms subsided

 

Zorion, who waited the full time between doses before taking more pain medication after his surgery

Austin, who borrowed his mother's prescription antifungal cream to treat his athlete's foot

Which of the following statements about over-the-counter drugs is true?

 

They are potent, addictive drugs.

 

They are classified as foods.

 

They can be purchased without a prescription.

 

They are not intended to be used therapeutically.

They can be purchased without a prescription.

Which type of drug increases the activity of the central nervous system?

 

Anabolic steroid

 

Depressant

 

Hallucinogen

 

Stimulant

Stimulant

The World Health Organization defines health as:

 

d. Refraining from health-harming behaviors

 

b. State of Complete Physical, Mental, and Social Health

 

c. The absence of disease and infirmity

 

a. State of complete Physical and Mental Health

b. State of Complete Physical, Mental, and Social Health

The Medical Model of Health is the absence all but which of the following:

 

Death

 

Discomfort

 

Dissatisfaction

 

Diet

Diet

Compared to individuals in peer countries, Americans have:

 

more mothers dying when giving birth and a longer life expectancy.

 

a shorter life expectancy and more mothers dying when giving birth.

 

fewer mothers dying when giving birth and fewer people with chronic diseases.

 

a longer life expectancy and fewer people with chronic diseases.

a shorter life expectancy and more mothers dying when giving birth.

Attaining and maintaining resources to meet your physical, psychological, and social needs is the defining characteristic of _____ wellness.

 

emotional

 

occupational

 

spiritual

 

financial

financial

The biggest impediment to academic performance among college students is

 

depression

 

sexually transmitted infections

 

stress

 

lack of sleep

stress

In which stage of the Transtheoretical Model does the person become aware that change is desirable, but does not yet commit to act?

 

Preparation

 

Termination

 

Precontemplation

 

Contemplation

Contemplation

Which of the following is an example of a lifestyle disease?

 

Ebola

 

Malaria

 

Lung Cancer

 

Tuberculosis

Lung Cancer

To change a behavior, a person must believe:

 

They are not capable of making change

 

Benefits of cost outweighs change

 

Benefits of change outweigh costs

 

Change is not necessary

 

Benefits of change outweigh costs

Determinants of health and wellness include all but which of the following?

 

Environmental quality

 

Personal Biology

 

Behaviors of those around you

 

Economic Status

Behaviors of those around you

Tadita, a college student, and her 14-year-old brother have different political views, but when the topic of politics comes up at family dinners, she always listens to what he has to say and thoughtfully considers his positions. When making her own arguments, she makes sure that she uses language and examples that her brother will understand to ensure she is communicating with him effectively. Tadita's approach to political conversations with her brother is an example of her _____ wellness.

 

Occupational

 

Social

 

Spiritual

 

Emotional

Social

Which of the following strategies can help a person build their resilience?

 

Focusing on their fear of the unknown

 

Giving goodness to others through volunteering

 

Being self-critical when trying something new

 

Establishing lofty goals with short timelines

Giving goodness to others through volunteering

An improvement in a patient’s condition is likely due to:

 

Only their faith in the healer

 

Both their faith in the healer and the efficacy of the treatment

 

Only the efficacy of the treatment

 

Neither their faith in the healer nor the efficacy of the treatment

Both their faith in the healer and the efficacy of the treatment

During transcendental meditation, a person repeats a particular phrase called a:

 

Mantra

 

Metta

 

Mandala

 

Nocebo

Mantra

What should you do if you are meditating and notice that your mind is wandering?

 

Allow your mind to continue to wander without focusing on the wandering

 

Stop meditating for the day and try again the next day

 

Tell yourself that your mind is wandering and refocus your awareness on your breath

 

Take a short break, reposition yourself, and start the meditation process again

Tell yourself that your mind is wandering and refocus your awareness on your breath

The brain communicates with the body by means of which three body systems?

 

Circulatory, respiratory, and muscular

 

Nervous, circulatory, and immune

 

Circulatory, endocrine, and nervous

 

Nervous, endocrine, and immune

 

Nervous, endocrine, and immune

Nadya has been assigned a research project for one of her classes and it has triggered her anxiety because she has never done well on research projects in the past. Even though she hasn't even started, she's already feeling overwhelmed and defeated. What can Nadya do to improve her resilience so she can complete the project?

 

Isolate herself until she completes the project

 

Break the project down into more manageable parts

 

Remind herself that the project counts for a big part of her final grade

 

Have a few drinks or smoke marijuana to help her relax

Break the project down into more manageable parts

Which of the following is a common cause of psychosomatic illness?

 

Anxiety

 

Physical injury

 

Virus

 

Bacterium

Anxiety

Which body system is responsible for combatting infections and ridding the body of foreign organisms and toxic substances?

 

Circulatory system

 

Immune system

 

Respiratory system

 

Digestive system

Immune system

Which is a part of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

 

Condition involves no physical symptoms

 

Condition involves physical symptoms without bodily disease or injury

 

Condition involves physical symptoms with bodily disease or injury

 

Condition is only in your head

Condition involves physical symptoms without bodily disease or injury

Which statement is false regarding how the mind can create illness or wellness?

 

Nearly 50% of Americans use prayer to help them cope with illness.

 

All religions teach that divine persons have the power to heal.

 

No doctor believes that a patient’s spiritual outlook is important to handling health difficulties.

 

Individuals have the power to influence their health for ill or for wellbeing.

No doctor believes that a patient’s spiritual outlook is important to handling health difficulties.

The feeling that there are too many demands on your time is called:

 

Distance

 

Coping

 

Overload

 

Prioritizing

Overload

Stress can contribute to illness by all the following, except:

 

Weakening immunity

 

Inhibiting the general activation syndrome (GAS)

 

Motivating unhealthy behaviors

 

Causing the mind and body to become exhausted

Inhibiting the general activation syndrome (GAS)

To help manage your stress, you should:

 

Identify all possible negative outcomes of the situation

 

Increase your awareness of how your mind works

 

Ignore the events that are causing you to feel stressed

 

Remember that you are running out of time

Increase your awareness of how your mind works

What happens when the body releases epinephrine?

 

Blood vessels dilate

 

Pupils constrict

 

Blood pressure increases

 

Storage sites prevent the release of glucose

Blood pressure increases

Test anxiety is a form of:

 

PTSD

 

Coping

 

Performance anxiety

 

Denial

Performance anxiety

Setting attainable goals is an example of which coping strategy?

 

Denial

 

Emotion-focused coping

 

Problem-focused coping

 

Distancing

Problem-focused coping

What happens next after the hypothalamus releases corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)?

 

Adrenal glands release epinephrine

 

Adrenal glands release cortisol

 

Pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

 

Pituitary gland releases adrenaline

Pituitary gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Which of the following is an example of a physiological component of stress?

 

Sleeplessness

 

Uncertainty about the outcome

 

Frustration

 

Demanding job

Sleeplessness

Which of the following is an antidote to overload?

 

Becoming fatalistic

 

Completing easy tasks before urgent tasks

 

Keeping a to-do list

 

Cramming

Keeping a to-do list

Which of the following is a physiological component of stress?

 

Daily Hassles

 

Changes in Sleep

 

Chronic Anxiety

 

Hopelessness

Changes in Sleep

Abby was at the airport, waiting to board her flight, when she suddenly began to feel an intense fear. Her chest began to hurt and she started to have difficulty breathing. She felt nauseated and was sweaty and dizzy. When the episode finally passed, she explained to her traveling companion that this had happened a number of times before. Which type of anxiety does Abby seem to have?

 

Social phobia

 

Panic disorder

 

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

 

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Panic disorder

Anytime Thao is going to leave the house, he feels that he must first check to make sure that every door to every room is closed, and then wait until the time on his phone ends in an even number. Which type of anxiety does Thao seem to have?

 

Social anxiety

 

Generalized anxiety

 

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

 

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

If a person experiences major episodes of depression as well as periods of excited euphoria, they may have which condition?

 

Bipolar disorder

 

Major depressive disorder

 

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

 

Social anxiety

Bipolar disorder

Seeking emotionally rewarding interpersonal relationships is a behavior associated with:

 

Directing

 

Attaining

 

Connecting

 

Protecting

Connecting

A person with adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is most likely to:

 

Think deeply before speaking

 

Maintain a highly organized schedule

 

Have difficulty finishing tasks

 

Spend much of the day sleeping

Have difficulty finishing tasks

An intense, often irrational, fear of a specific object or situation is called a(n):

 

Parasomnia

 

Dysthymia

 

Phobia

 

Anxiety

Phobia

Which of the following is an essential element of psychological well-being?

 

Self-acceptance

 

Contentment

 

Social acceptance

 

Cheerfulness

Self-acceptance

Inadequate sleep is associated with:

 

Greater attentiveness

 

Impaired judgment

 

Excess weight loss

 

Greater likelihood of panic attacks

Impaired judgment

Believing that people are basically good and being involved in a community are characteristics of _____ well-being.

 

Physiological

 

Psychological

 

Emotional

 

Social

Social

What is dysthymia?

 

Severe anxiety disorder

 

Mild anxiety disorder

 

Mild form of depression

 

Severe form of depression

Mild form of depression

How many days per week must a person exercise to produce a training effect?

 

1 to 3

 

3 to 4

 

5 to 6

 

7

3 to 4

How many total steps do health experts recommend a person take per day in all of their activities combined?

 

10,000

 

7,000

 

2,000

 

18,000

10,000

In practicing t'ai chi, the individual concentrates on:

 

strengthening the lungs and developing internal energy.

 

moving the joints of the body freely and developing internal energy.

 

strengthening the lungs and building the large muscles.

 

moving the joints of the body freely and building the large muscles.

moving the joints of the body freely and developing internal energy.

Physical activity increases:

 

the risk of infection.

 

LDL cholesterol levels.

 

bone mass.

 

blood levels of triglycerides.

bone mass.

Pilates exercises are primarily designed to strengthen which parts of the body?

 

Back, abdomen, and buttocks

 

Abdomen, buttocks, and calves

 

Neck, back, and arms

 

Arms, back, and calves

Back, abdomen, and buttocks

The degree to which the body can supply sufficient fuel to produce sustained, effortful physical activity is called:

 

cardiorespiratory fitness.

 

isometric training.

 

aerobic training.

 

relative perceived exertion.

cardiorespiratory fitness.

What should a person do when incorporating physical activity into their life?

 

Consult their friends to determine what would be the best type of exercise for them

 

Get a physical checkup to address any concerns about their body's ability to perform

 

Strive to make progress as quickly as possible in order to get healthy sooner

 

Avoid setting goals so that they don't get discouraged if they fail to meet them

Get a physical checkup to address any concerns about their body's ability to perform

What should healthy adults do when engaging in strength training for health and fitness?

 

Breathe rapidly while exercising.

 

Move a muscle through its full range of motion.

 

Repeat each exercise 5 to 7 times.

 

Perform 3 to 5 resistance exercises per workout.

Move a muscle through its full range of motion.

When measuring your heart rate, you should:

 

count the beats for 15 seconds and then divide by 4.

 

count the beats for 30 seconds and then divide by 3.

 

count the beats for 15 seconds and then multiply by 4.

 

count the beats for 30 seconds and then multiply by 3.

count the beats for 15 seconds and then multiply by 4.

Which FITT dimension refers to the energy required to render the movement or activity?

 

Intensity

 

Type

 

Time

 

Frequency

Intensity

Which component of physical activity involves the ability to move an object without becoming quickly fatigued?

 

Body strength

 

Motivation

 

Cardiorespiratory fitness

 

Endurance

Endurance

Which of the following activities is performed with vigorous intensity?

 

Gardening

 

Packing boxes for shipping

 

Weight training

 

Shoveling snow

Shoveling snow

Which of the following is an example of cross-training?

 

Doing yoga whenever your muscles feel stiff

 

Walking twice a week and cycling twice a week

 

Lifting weights one day and then resting the next day

 

Jogging for the same amount of time every day of the week

Walking twice a week and cycling twice a week

Which of the following statements about sedentary behavior is true?

 

Sedentary behavior increases the risk of overweight.

 

Nearly 25% of Americans engage in sedentary behavior during much of the day.

 

Sedentary behavior is characterized by large energy expenditures.

 

Going for a walk is an example of sedentary behavior.

Sedentary behavior increases the risk of overweight.

Which of the following strategies can help prevent heat stress during exercise?

 

Acclimating to hot environments gradually over several days

 

Relying on thirst to signal fluid loss or high body temperature

 

Wearing dark-colored clothing made of nylon or polyester

 

Exercising during the middle of the day rather than the morning or evening

Acclimating to hot environments gradually over several days

Americans commonly overconsume which nutrient?

 

Magnesium

 

Sodium

 

Vitamin C

 

Vitamin D

Sodium

Bela was camping with some friends and started to get thirsty because he hadn't had anything to drink all afternoon. When he looked in the cooler, he discovered that they were out of water, but they had several other beverages available. Which of these beverages from the cooler would be the best option for Bela to drink to replenish his body water?

 

Beer

 

Milk

 

Diet cola

 

Regular cola

Milk

Chronically consuming an insufficient amount of fiber can cause:

 

gastrointestinal diseases.

 

tooth decay.

 

high blood pressure.

 

type 2 diabetes.

gastrointestinal diseases.

Jiro, a 60-year-old man, faces an increased risk of developing osteoporosis. His nutritionist notes that Jiro is getting a sufficient amount of calcium in his diet, but he is not consuming enough of another nutrient that is important for bone growth. Jiro's nutritionist is most likely to recommend that he increase his consumption of foods containing which vitamin?

 

Vitamin E

 

Vitamin D

 

Vitamin A

 

Vitamin K

Vitamin D

Overconsumption of calorie-dense foods causes the person to simultaneously be:

 

overfed and overnourished.

 

overfed and undernourished.

 

underfed and undernourished.

 

underfed and overnourished.

overfed and undernourished.

The MyPlate guidelines recommend that people:

 

avoid whole grains.

 

make nearly half their meal fruits and vegetables.

 

choose red meat over poultry.

 

choose canned foods over frozen foods.

make nearly half their meal fruits and vegetables.

The percent daily value on a Nutrition Facts label is for someone who requires _____ calories of food energy per day.

 

1,500

 

3,000

 

2,000

 

2,500

2,000

What makes a nutrient an essential nutrient?

 

It does not enhance body function but is essential for life.

 

It is required for proper body function but is not manufactured by the body.

 

It enhances body function but is not essential for life.

 

It is required for proper body function and is manufactured by the body.

It is required for proper body function but is not manufactured by the body.

Which of the following pathogens can transmit a foodborne illness through raw milk?

 

Escherichia coli

 

Shigella

 

Staphylococcus aureus

 

Clostridium perfringens

Escherichia coli

Which of the following types of oil is a good source of monounsaturated fat?

 

Cottonseed oil

 

Sesame seed oil

 

Olive oil

 

Corn oil

Olive oil

A person is considered obese when their storage fat exceeds about _____ of body weight.

 

30%

 

35%

 

20%

 

15%

30%

A person without any severe weight-related medical conditions would have to a have a BMI _____ to qualify for bariatric surgery.

 

over 40

 

between 25 and 35

 

between 35 and 40

 

less than 25

over 40

Good health is associated with having a BMI between:

 

9 and 12

 

12 and 18

 

19 and 25

 

2 and 8

19 and 25

People with body dysmorphic disorder:

 

frequently overeat and exercise too little.

 

have a skeleton that is unable to support their body weight.

 

have difficulty digesting both sucrose and lactose.

 

imagine that they have one or more defective body parts.

imagine that they have one or more defective body parts.

What is essential fat?

 

Fat stored for energy in various part of the body

 

Dietary fat that is easily broken down during digestion

 

Body fat used for normal physiological functioning

 

Dietary fat that is difficult to break down through digestion

Body fat used for normal physiological functioning