PS chap 4-7

Communication Apprehension —

The anxiety people experience when they think about or engage in communication.

Interpersonal Context —

A communication situation involving interaction between individuals, such as one-on-one communication.

Group Context —

A communication situation involving communication within a group of people.

Disposition

A characteristic or tendency that is relatively consistent in an individual.

Perceived Threat of Punishment

when a person anticipates punishment or another negative outcome from communicating.

State anxiety

Anxiousness that is brought about by particular situations.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy —

A situation in which low confidence leads to anxiety, and that anxiety reinforces the person's negative beliefs about themselves.

All-or-Nothing Thinking —

Viewing things in black-and-white terms, such as seeing a presentation as either perfect or a complete failure.

Over-Generalization —

Seeing a single negative event as a permanent pattern of failure.

Fortune Telling —

Expecting that things will turn out badly, regardless of how much preparation or practice has been done.

Physiology Approach —

Managing speech anxiety by addressing the physical symptoms of communication apprehension, such as increased heart rate and a nervous stomach.

Relaxation Training

A technique for managing the physical symptoms of anxiety, including taking deep breaths before a speech.

Informative Presentation —

A presentation designed to provide information to the audience; organizational patterns that often work well include topical and chronological patterns.

Topical Organizational Pattern —

An organizational pattern that discusses separate topics or points that are connected by a central theme.

Chronological Organizational Pattern —

An organizational pattern that arranges the content of a speech according to time or sequence.

Cause–Effect Organizational Pattern —

An organizational pattern that explains how certain events happen or will happen as a result of particular circumstances.

Problem–Solution Organizational Pattern —

An organizational pattern used when a speaker is proposing some type of change.

Trivial Specific Purpose —

A purpose that has little significance or relevance to the audience.

Egocentrism —

Approaching public speaking by expressing your own views based on your interests, values, beliefs, and experiences regardless of the audience.

Audience-Centeredness —

Adapting a message to the needs, interests, values, and beliefs of the receivers.

Audience Composition —

The characteristics and makeup of the people who will be listening to the speech.

Demographic Information —

Characteristics of a population that can be used to segment or divide the population into groups.

Divided Audience —

An audience whose members hold different or opposing attitudes toward a topic.

United Audience —

An audience whose members generally hold similar attitudes toward a topic.

Likert Scale —

A scale used to measure people's attitudes and perceptions.

Rensis Likert —

The psychologist after whom the Likert scale is named.

Likert Scale Purpose —

To determine the attitudes an audience has toward a topic.