Radiography I: Radiation Concepts

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151 Terms

1

Key Terms

- Bucky tray

- Cathode

- Collimating device

- Electromagnetic spectrum

- Energy

- Frequency

- Heel effect

- Rotating anode

- Stationary anode

- Wavelength

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The Discovery of Xrays

- Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered Xrays in 1895

- His wife was said to be his first "patient"

- Xrays were first used in a medical application in 1896

- For the first time doctors could see what was going on inside a patient

<p>- Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered Xrays in 1895</p><p>- His wife was said to be his first "patient"</p><p>- Xrays were first used in a medical application in 1896</p><p>- For the first time doctors could see what was going on inside a patient</p>
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History of Radiography

- Therapeutic use (radiation therapy) of radiation began after people reported changes in their skin color and "sunburn"

- The x-ray tube was developed to control the generation of energy of x-rays

<p>- Therapeutic use (radiation therapy) of radiation began after people reported changes in their skin color and "sunburn"</p><p>- The x-ray tube was developed to control the generation of energy of x-rays</p>
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Electromagnetic Spectrum is more than the

Visible Spectrum

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Basic Concepts of Electromagnetic spectrum

1. Energy (eV)

2. Frequency (Hz)

3. Wavelength (λ)

<p>1. Energy (eV)</p><p>2. Frequency (Hz)</p><p>3. Wavelength (λ)</p>
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Electromagnetic Spectrum

lA method of transporting energy through space

lMay be waves

lMay be particles of energy called photons

lRadiography deals with EM waves

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

- Energy of the waves is arranged from high to low

- Highest = gamma

- Lowest = radiowaves

- Visible light is one small portion of the EM spectrum

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Radiography

- Radiology is the study of electromagnetic radiation

- Radiography is the utilization of x-rays to produce photographic images

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Image of electromagnetic spectrum

knowt flashcard image
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10

Wave Theory

- The height of a wave is called amplitude

- The highest point is called the crest

- The lowest point is called the trough

- The distance from one crest to another is called wavelength

<p>- The height of a wave is called amplitude</p><p>- The highest point is called the crest</p><p>- The lowest point is called the trough</p><p>- The distance from one crest to another is called wavelength</p>
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Wave Theory: Frequency

- Frequency is how often a wave occurs in a given time period

- The length of time one wave takes is called a cycle

- Eg 60 cycles/second

<p>- Frequency is how often a wave occurs in a given time period</p><p>- The length of time one wave takes is called a cycle</p><p>- Eg 60 cycles/second</p>
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The symbol for frequency is Hertz (Hz)

60 cycles/sec = 60 Hz

<p>60 cycles/sec = 60 Hz</p>
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The Relationship: The longer the wavelength the

lower the frequency the lower the energy

<p>lower the frequency the lower the energy</p>
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The relationship: The shorter the wavelength the

higher the frequency the higher the energy

<p>higher the frequency the higher the energy</p>
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Energy, Frequency and Wavelength

The lower the frequency →the lower the energy →the lower the penetration

<p>The lower the frequency →the lower the energy →the lower the penetration</p>
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Conversion between wavelength, frequency, and energy for the electromagnetic spectrum (image)

knowt flashcard image
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Radiography and Wavelength:

X-rays are short wavelength, high energy waves

<p>X-rays are short wavelength, high energy waves</p>
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Wavelength for x rays

0.03-3.0 nanometer wavelength

<p>0.03-3.0 nanometer wavelength</p>
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X-rays penetrate

tissue to produce an image on film

<p>tissue to produce an image on film</p>
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The energy of the x-ray controls the

type of tissue it can penetrate and the depth of penetration

<p>type of tissue it can penetrate and the depth of penetration</p>
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How Roentgen's properties of x-rays are there?

12

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First property of x-rays

Highly penetrating invisible rays that form electromagnetic radiation

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Second property of x-rays

Electrically neutral

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Third property of x-rays

Produce wide variety of energies and wavelengths

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Fourth property of x-rays

Release small amount of heat as they pass through matter

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Fifth property of x-rays

Travel in straight lines

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Sixth property of x-rays

Travel at speed of light in a vacuum

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Seventh property of x-rays

Ionize matter

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Eighth property of x-rays

Fluorescence of specific crystals

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Ninth property of x-rays

Not focused by lens

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Tenth property of x-rays

Affects photographic film

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Eleventh property of x-rays

Chemical/biological changes in matter due to ionization and excitation

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Twelfth property of x-rays

Produce secondary and scatter radiation

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Roentgens properties of x rays (1-3)

invisible penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation, are not affected by magnetic or electrical fields, and can have a wide variety of energies and wavelengths

<p>invisible penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation, are not affected by magnetic or electrical fields, and can have a wide variety of energies and wavelengths</p>
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Roentgens properties of x rays (4-7)

release small amounts of heat when passing through matter, travel in straight lines, travel at the speed of light, and can ionize matter

<p>release small amounts of heat when passing through matter, travel in straight lines, travel at the speed of light, and can ionize matter</p>
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Roentgens properties of x rays (8-10)

cause fluorescence, cannot be focused, and affect photographic film

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Roentgens properties of x rays (10-12)

Produce chemical and biological changes in matter and produce secondary and scatter radiation

<p>Produce chemical and biological changes in matter and produce secondary and scatter radiation</p>
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X-Ray Tube Anatomy includes

- Cathode

- Anode

- Glass enclosure

- Tabletop

- Transformer and rectifiers

<p>- Cathode</p><p>- Anode</p><p>- Glass enclosure</p><p>- Tabletop</p><p>- Transformer and rectifiers</p>
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Cathode characteristics

- filament heats up

- electrons "boiled" off (thermionic emission and "space charge)

- focusing cup sends electrons towards target on anode

- electrons repelled by negative charged cathode

<p>- filament heats up</p><p>- electrons "boiled" off (thermionic emission and "space charge)</p><p>- focusing cup sends electrons towards target on anode</p><p>- electrons repelled by negative charged cathode</p>
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Cathode usually have two filaments

- 100 mA (small focus)

- 300 mA (large focus)

<p>- 100 mA (small focus)</p><p>- 300 mA (large focus)</p>
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For the cathode, operator can select

which filament to use

<p>which filament to use</p>
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Cathode with more power/electrons from the 300 mA filament→

more x-rays

<p>more x-rays</p>
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Cathode Filaments are located in focusing cup

- Electrons released in straight pattern

- If there is no focusing cup it results in poor radiograph

<p>- Electrons released in straight pattern</p><p>- If there is no focusing cup it results in poor radiograph</p>
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Cathode Filaments similar to light bulb filaments

- Made of thoriated tungsten

- 1%= electrons

- 99%= heat and light

<p>- Made of thoriated tungsten</p><p>- 1%= electrons</p><p>- 99%= heat and light</p>
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The milliamp rating (300 or 100 mA) controls the number of electrons produced by the

Cathode

300 > 100

<p>Cathode</p><p>300 &gt; 100</p>
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Anode characteristics

- Positively charged

- Electrons attracted to positive charge

- 2 types of Anodes: Rotating and Stationary

<p>- Positively charged</p><p>- Electrons attracted to positive charge</p><p>- 2 types of Anodes: Rotating and Stationary</p>
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Rotating Anode

- Rotating target helps dissipate heat

- Found in standard x-ray machines

<p>- Rotating target helps dissipate heat</p><p>- Found in standard x-ray machines</p>
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Stationary anode in some models

- Dental units

- Portable units

<p>- Dental units</p><p>- Portable units</p>
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Anode electrons strike target

Target made of tungsten

<p>Target made of tungsten</p>
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Does the anode slow down the electrons?

Yes

<p>Yes</p>
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For the anode, energy lost in slowing down the electron is released as

x-rays

<p>x-rays</p>
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Anode: Beveled edge directs x-rays down toward patient

- This edge is where electrons are aimed from cathode

- Called the focal spot or target area

<p>- This edge is where electrons are aimed from cathode</p><p>- Called the focal spot or target area</p>
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Stationary Anode

- Found in portable units (equine/dental)

- Stem is wide to absorb and dissipate heat

- Must wait between exposures for tube to cool

<p>- Found in portable units (equine/dental)</p><p>- Stem is wide to absorb and dissipate heat</p><p>- Must wait between exposures for tube to cool</p>
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Stationary Anode Pros

small, easily moved, user friendly

<p>small, easily moved, user friendly</p>
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Stationary Anode Cons

Inability to withstand large amounts of heat, decreased contrast, cannot x-ray thick structures

<p>Inability to withstand large amounts of heat, decreased contrast, cannot x-ray thick structures</p>
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Damage seen with stationary anodes:

- Pitting of the target surface

- Radiographs appear lighter than expected

<p>- Pitting of the target surface</p><p>- Radiographs appear lighter than expected</p>
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Rotating Anode

In a rotating anode the target spins

<p>In a rotating anode the target spins</p>
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Rotating Anode Pros

- Serves as an electrical conduit unit

- Spreads the heat around (Extends life of tube)

<p>- Serves as an electrical conduit unit</p><p>- Spreads the heat around (Extends life of tube)</p>
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Rotating Anode Cons

Large, bulky units- not portable

<p>Large, bulky units- not portable</p>
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Anode Heel Effect

1. X-rays produced closer to the cathode are higher energy

2. Lose less energy traveling across tube

3. Lose less energy because of bevel

4. More x-rays are directed toward patient at cathode end

<p>1. X-rays produced closer to the cathode are higher energy</p><p>2. Lose less energy traveling across tube</p><p>3. Lose less energy because of bevel</p><p>4. More x-rays are directed toward patient at cathode end</p>
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Glass Enclosure is where the

Anode and Cathode Live

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Glass Enclosure

1. Vacuum-enclosed area

2, Prevents dust interfering with electrons

3, Heat-protected glass with oil to dissipate head

4. Beryllium window

(Allows X-rays to pass from enclosure to patient)

5. Aluminum filters prevent weak X-rays from passing

6. Collimating device present

<p>1. Vacuum-enclosed area</p><p>2, Prevents dust interfering with electrons</p><p>3, Heat-protected glass with oil to dissipate head</p><p>4. Beryllium window</p><p>(Allows X-rays to pass from enclosure to patient)</p><p>5. Aluminum filters prevent weak X-rays from passing</p><p>6. Collimating device present</p>
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Tabletop

1. Bucky tray

2. Hold X-ray cassette under tabletop

3. Grid located between table and cassette

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X-ray machine

- 1 = tube stand

- 2 =tube housing/head

- 3 = collimator

- 4 = table top

- 5 = bucky tray

<p>- 1 = tube stand</p><p>- 2 =tube housing/head</p><p>- 3 = collimator</p><p>- 4 = table top</p><p>- 5 = bucky tray</p>
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Control Panel (May be built into machine or free standing)

- Power switch

- kVp selector

- mA selector

- Line voltage compensator

- Exposure time control

- Exposure button

<p>- Power switch</p><p>- kVp selector</p><p>- mA selector</p><p>- Line voltage compensator</p><p>- Exposure time control</p><p>- Exposure button</p>
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Control Panel (Power switch)

controls power to the unit

<p>controls power to the unit</p>
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Control Panel (kVp selector)

step up transformer, anode

<p>step up transformer, anode</p>
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Control Panel (mA selector)

step down transformer, cathode

<p>step down transformer, cathode</p>
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Control Panel (Line voltage compensator)

stabilizes power coming into machine (built into new machines)

<p>stabilizes power coming into machine (built into new machines)</p>
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Control Panel (Exposure time control)

how long the x rays are released

<p>how long the x rays are released</p>
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Exposure button:

may also be foot or hand switch

<p>may also be foot or hand switch</p>
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Electrical Circuit

1. Power coming in needs to be adjusted to accommodate an x-ray machine

2. 120V -- 240V

3. Generally has a separate circuit breaker box

<p>1. Power coming in needs to be adjusted to accommodate an x-ray machine</p><p>2. 120V -- 240V</p><p>3. Generally has a separate circuit breaker box</p>
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Current Affairs

- Power is alternating current

- 60 Hz in USA

- Power is present on the positive side

- No power is supplied when on the negative side

<p>- Power is alternating current</p><p>- 60 Hz in USA</p><p>- Power is present on the positive side</p><p>- No power is supplied when on the negative side</p>
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Step Up Transformers

- Increase power to x-ray tube

- Boosts voltage from 220V to max of 125,000V

<p>- Increase power to x-ray tube</p><p>- Boosts voltage from 220V to max of 125,000V</p>
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Step Down Transformer

- Decreases voltage going to the filament

- From 240V to ≈10V

Amount depends on mA selection

<p>- Decreases voltage going to the filament</p><p>- From 240V to ≈10V</p><p>Amount depends on mA selection</p>
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Circuitry

- Step up transformer is at the anode kVp selector: step up transformer, anode

- mA selector: step down transformer, cathode

- 99% heat and light lost, 1% xrays

<p>- Step up transformer is at the anode kVp selector: step up transformer, anode</p><p>- mA selector: step down transformer, cathode</p><p>- 99% heat and light lost, 1% xrays</p>
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Rectifiers

- With alternating current power is available only ½ the time

- Rectifiers increase efficiency of power generation

- Negative portion of wave is suppressed or redirected to positive

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There are three types of rectifiers

1. half wave

2. full wave

3. three phase

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Single phase rectifier or Half-wave rectifier

- Also called self-rectification

- Standard in old XR tubes

- No current is flowing ½ the time

<p>- Also called self-rectification</p><p>- Standard in old XR tubes</p><p>- No current is flowing ½ the time</p>
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Full Wave Rectifier

- Multiple valve tubes reverse negative portions of wave

- Current flows more consistently

- Faster times and more x-rays produced than half-wave rectifier

<p>- Multiple valve tubes reverse negative portions of wave</p><p>- Current flows more consistently</p><p>- Faster times and more x-rays produced than half-wave rectifier</p>
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Three Phase Approach

- Require a lot of power

- Used primarily in large referral practices/board-certified

- Three currents each 120 degrees out of phase with the others

- Eliminates power drops between waves

<p>- Require a lot of power</p><p>- Used primarily in large referral practices/board-certified</p><p>- Three currents each 120 degrees out of phase with the others</p><p>- Eliminates power drops between waves</p>
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Three Phase Rectifier

1. Each phase is 60 cycles/sec.

2. Three phases = 60 x 3 = 180 total cycles/sec

3. Fully rectified = 180 x 2 = 360 total cycles/sec

4. High efficiency, consistent power

<p>1. Each phase is 60 cycles/sec.</p><p>2. Three phases = 60 x 3 = 180 total cycles/sec</p><p>3. Fully rectified = 180 x 2 = 360 total cycles/sec</p><p>4. High efficiency, consistent power</p>
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Record Keeping

- Part of medical record

- Developed films stored in folder or envelope

- All views of one study placed in one folder and labeled

- Label: patient, clinic name, date and view taken

<p>- Part of medical record</p><p>- Developed films stored in folder or envelope</p><p>- All views of one study placed in one folder and labeled</p><p>- Label: patient, clinic name, date and view taken</p>
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Radiology Log

Used for tracking and cross-referencing

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Radiology Log includes:

- Client's name

- Patient's name

- Body part being radiographed

- Position

- KVp and mAs settings used

- Initials or signature of radiographer

<p>- Client's name</p><p>- Patient's name</p><p>- Body part being radiographed</p><p>- Position</p><p>- KVp and mAs settings used</p><p>- Initials or signature of radiographer</p>
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Digital Radiographs for record keeping

- Part of patient's electronic medical record

- Can be copies onto CD or flash drive to be provided to client or referral DVM

- Images provided into a universal format known as DICOM

- DICOM Stands for: Digital imaging and communications in medicine

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87

Comparing wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum, what is the order going from lowest frequency to highest frequency? Choose the correct example.

radio waves, microwaves, visible, gamma

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In an xray tube, xrays are formed on the

tungsten target on the anode

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Regarding the production of xrays in the tube, the

cathode includes the filament and focusing cup

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The cathode is on the _____________voltage side of the circuit, and the anode is on the _____________ voltage side.

low, high

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The electron cloud is generated at the

cathode

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The filament of an xray tube is the

tungsten coil that emits electrons when heated

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The purpose of rectifying a current is to ________________________ xray production.

increase efficiency of

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94

The step-up transformer converts the volts coming in to ____________________ going out.

kilovolts

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95

Waveform B represents what type of rectification of current?

single phase or half wave

<p>single phase or half wave</p>
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Identify the parts of the xray tube and circuit by dragging and dropping text into the appropriate box: Filament

knowt flashcard image
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Identify the parts of the xray tube and circuit by dragging and dropping text into the appropriate box: Cathode

knowt flashcard image
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Identify the parts of the xray tube and circuit by dragging and dropping text into the appropriate box: Electrons

knowt flashcard image
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Identify the parts of the xray tube and circuit by dragging and dropping text into the appropriate box: Vacuum

knowt flashcard image
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100

Identify the parts of the xray tube and circuit by dragging and dropping text into the appropriate box: Target of the anode

knowt flashcard image
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