Ch 7 Abnormal Psychology Unipolar v. Bipolar

major depressive disorder

People who go through a major depressive episode without having any history of mania receive a diagnosis

persistent depressive disorder

people whose unipolar depression is chronic

premenstural dysphoric disorder

a diagnosis given to certain women who repeatedly have clinically significant depressive and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder.

serotonin

A neurotransmitter whose abnor- mal activity is linked to depression, obsessive- compulsive disorder, and eating disorders.

glutamte

A neurotransmitter responsible for stimulating neurons and promoting connectivity and communication among neurons.

MAO inhibitor

An antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase.

tricyclic

An antidepressant drug such as imipramine that has three rings in its molecular structure.

selective seratonin uptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

because they increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting norepinephrine or other neurotransmitters

ketamine

The virtues of ketamine are that it often alleviates depression very quickly, helps people who are unresponsive to other kinds of treatments and those who are suicidal, and combines effectively with other antidepressant drugs and psychotherapies

brain stimualtion

Biological treatments that directly or indirectly stimulate certain areas of the brain.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A treatment for depression in which electrodes attached to a patient’s head send an electrical current through the brain, causing a convulsion.

vagus nerve stimulation

A treatment for depression in which an implanted pulse genera- tor sends regular electrical signals to a person’s vagus nerve; the nerve then stimulates the brain.

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A treatment in which an electromagnetic coil, which is placed on or above a patient’s head, sends a current into the individual’s brain.

deep brain stimulation (DBS)

A treatment for depression in which a pacemaker powers electrodes that have been implanted in the subgenual cingulate, thus stimulating that brain area.

symbolic loss

According to Freudian theory, the loss of a valued object (for example, a loss of employment) that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one. Also called imagined loss.

cognitive triad

The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people
to feel depressed. The triad consists of a negative view of one’s experiences, oneself, and the future.

learned helplessness

The perception, based on past experiences, that one has no con- trol over the reinforcements in one’s life.

cognitive therapy

A therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders.

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

A treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and chang- ing one’s interpersonal problems helps lead to recovery.

couple therapy

A therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship

bipolar I disorder

A type of bipolar disor- der marked by full manic and major depressive episodes.

bipolar II disorder

A type of bipolar dis- order marked by mildly manic (hypomanic) episodes and major depressive episodes

cyclothymic disorder

A disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms.

lithium

A metallic element that occurs in nature as a mineral salt and is an effective treat- ment for bipolar disorders.

mood-stabilizing drugs

Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar disorder. Also known as antibipolar drugs.

behavioral activation

A therapy for depres- sion in which the therapist works systematically to increase the number of constructive and plea- surable activities and events in a client’s life.

nurtraceuticals

interventions that fall outside of conventional Western treatments

ex. physical exercise and dietary supplements

unipolar depression

depression without a hsitory of mania

bipolar disorder

A disorder marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression.

mania

state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking.

emotional symptoms of depression

They describe themselves as feeling “miserable,” “empty,” and “humiliated.” They tend to lose their sense of humor, report getting little pleasure from anything, and in some cases display anhedonia, an inability to experience any pleasure at all. A

motivation symptoms of depression

Depressed people typically lose the desire to pursue their usual activities. Almost all report a lack of drive, initiative, and spontaneity. They may have to force themselves to go to work, talk with friends, eat meals, or have sex.

behavioral symptoms of depression

Depressed people are usually less active and less productive. They spend more time alone and may stay in bed for long periods.

may also move, and even speak, more slowly

cognitive symptons of depresion

Depressed people hold extremely negative views of themselves. They consider themselves inadequate, undesirable, inferior, perhaps even evil (Scheffers et al., 2019). They also blame them- selves for nearly every unfortunate event, even things that have nothing to do with them, and they rarely credit themselves for positive achievements.

pessismissm

physical symptoms of depression

People who are depressed frequently have such physical ailments as headaches, indigestion, constipation, dizzy spells, and general pain In fact, many depressions are misdiagnosed as medical problems at first. Disturbances in appetite and sleep are particularly common . Most depressed people eat less, sleep less, and feel more fatigued than they did prior to the disorder. Some, however, eat and sleep excessively.

family pedigree studies

select people with unipolar depression, examine their rela- tives, and see whether depression also afflicts other members of the family. If a predis- position to unipolar depression is inherited, the relatives should have a higher rate of depression than the population at large

twin studies

When an identical twin has unipolar de- pression, there is a 38 percent chance that the other twin has already had or will eventu- ally have the same disorder. In contrast, when a fraternal twin has unipolar depression, the other twin has only a 20 percent chance of having the disorder