Psych Soc

James Lange Theory

Event, physiological Response, Context, Emotion.

Context: It’s more implicit and passive — the body reacts first, and the brain makes sense of it.

Cannon Bard

Event then Physiological and emotion at the same time

Schlatter Singer

Event, Physiological Response, Cognitive appraisal, then emotion

Cognitive appraisal: This is an active, conscious judgment about the cause and meaning of your arousal. Analyze situation and decide how you are feeling.

Lazarus Theory

Event, appraisal, then emotion and physiological response happen together.

Maslov Hiearchy of Needs

Founder: Abraham Maslov

Low to high: physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization.

Freud Psychoanalytic Theory

ID: immediate gratification (unconscious self)

EGO: long term gratification, mediator of ID vs. SUPER EGO (conscious self)

SUPEREGO: Moral compass can cause conflict at stages (unconscious self)

ALL DRIVEN BY LIBIDO

Big 5 personality

Openness: embrace new ideas

Conscientiousness: values competence and order

Extraversion: outgoing

Agreeableness: goes with the flow

Neuroticism: high levels of negative emotions

Role Strain

Tension within a single role to fulfill multiple aspects. Ex student study, hangout with friends, and work

Role Conflict

when two different roles compete for time. Ex Doctor and father

Role Engulfment

When role becomes identity

Role exit

leaving the roles duties

Insight

Solution to problem that comes from within the individual quickly

cognitive schema

mental framework that organizes thought

mere exposure effect

Tendency to prefer things that the person has been exposed to before

Signal Detection Theory

Hit: Correct Identification when Stimulus Present

Miss: No detection but stimulus present, false negative, type 1 error

False alarm: Incorrect identification when stimulus absent, type 2 error, false positive

Correct rejection: no detection no stimulus

Webers law

Detectable change within the same stimulus is a ratio of (change in intensity)/(original intensity)

sensory adaptation

way our senses adapt to sensation over time.

critical period

period of time when an organism is sensitive to the environment

projection

displacing ones emotions in another way

Rationalization

defense mechanism where a person justifies a situation for what looks like logical reasons

Reaction Formation

defense mechanism where a person unconsciously replaces their emotion with the opposite. usually tied to negative emotions like anxiety

Emotional Displacement

emotional reaction redirected towards another person

Just Noticeable Difference

minimum amount of change in a stimulus where the person can notice 50 percent of the time

Perceptual constancy

tendency to perceive an object as the same size regardless of size or orientation

Natural selection

how a population adapts to change

Absolute threshold

minimum level of a threshold that a person can detect half the time

Social Inhibition

conscious or unconscious avoidance of a social setting

External vs. Internal locus of control

External based on forces you cannot control. Internal based on your own controllable abilities

Conformity

changing behavior to match a group or person

looking glass self

Person bases their own opinion of themself off of others opinions.

Front stage self

public image an individual expresses to others

Back stage self

persona expressed when no one is around

intersectionality

study of overlapping social oppression, discrimination, and domination

cognitive dissonance

discomfort a person feels when their action doesn’t match their values.

Usually in the form of:

Modify: change context

trivialize: not important

deny: outright say is wrong

add: adds irrelevant info

group polarization

The phenomenon that occurs when the groups opinion is amplified or exaugurated compared to the individual

self esteem

how we perceive and value ourselves

self efficacy

belief of ones own ability to succeed or complete a task

Secondary Reinforcement

stimulus that reinforces a behavior after being associated with a primary

impression management

controlling how other perceive you

Ethnographic Study

Observational: Researcher are immersed in sample community to collect social or behavioral data

Xenophobia

fear of foreign strangers

scapegoating

denial by projecting blame onto others

cultural capitol

knowledge, skills, or behavior that give a person an advantage in society

social reproduction

occurs when social inequality is transmitted from one generation to the next

exchange or true mobility

refers to people moving to higher or lower economic statuses, but the overall hierarchy stays relatively the same

formal social sanction

punishment imposed by an institution gov, school, work.

depersonalization

detachment from persons self, an out of body experience

learned helplessness

psychological state where a person feels they cannot change their situation so they stop trying

Wernicke area

understanding written and spoken language. Women listen and understand

Brocas area

speech production. Bros talk

basal ganglia

regulate and modulate voluntary motor movements

groupthink

the practice of making decisions as a group that discourages creativity and individual responsibility

deindividualization

loss of self awareness when in a group

bystander effect/ Diffusion of responsibility

less likely to help when with others

recency effect

remember most recent information

cognitive bias

systematic thought process caused by the brains tendency to simplify

serial position

remember first and last piece of information but not the middle

Mediating Variable

a third variable that explains the relationship between the other two

Extraneous/Confounding variable

unforeseen variable that effects the relationship being studied

heterophily

hangout with different people

homophily

hangout with similar people

retrograde memory

ability to recall past events

anterograde memory

ability to form new memories

implicit memory / Nondeclarative memory

unconscious recall of information

Ex: priming, procedural memory, classical conditioning

explicit memory / declarative memory

conscious memory recall

Ex: Episodic memory, Semantic memory

procedural memory

How we do things like riding a bike or tying shoes

reticular formation

regulating consciousness and alertness and modulating pain, and motor movements

habituation

decrease response to stimuli after repeated exsposure

social cues

communication without language

Stressors(ambient, crisis, acute, micro)

Amb: environmental factors

crisis: significant stress and anxiety

acute: short term burst of anxiety, resolves quick

micro: small but can add up to significant problems

Social Support (Companion, emotional, instrumental, informational)

Com: trusted allies without judgment

emo: care and acceptance of a homie

Instr: practical assistance

info: advice or guidance helpful

mode

value that appears most often

median

middle number of the sorted list

mean

average

standard deviation

spread of data

Gender Identity theory (GIT)

the study of how people identify as male or female

(GITs) Social learning

gender is learned and reinforced by viewing others

(GITs) Cognitive developmental (3 Stages)

Gender Identity: Identify self 0-3yrs

Gender Stability: understand that gender identity doesn’t change with time 3-5 yrs

gender constancy: gender identity isn’t affected by appearance 5 - adult

(GITs) gender schema

children develop a framework based on self identity and social norms

(GITs) neurophysiological

prenatal exposure changes brain structures that impact gender identity

Traditional Gender Roles

expectations of males and females to dress, behave and have responsibilities based on sex

Contemporary Gender Roles

socially and culturally constructed gender roles that are more fluid and go beyond traditional gender roles

Gender Socialization Theory

individuals learn societal expectations of gender from a variety of influences

Division of labor

delegation of tasks to different individuals within an organization

Occupational Specialization

narrow focus in a broader organization

Structural Interdependence

subsystems that interact and rely on each other

Central route influence

facts and logic to persuade

peripheral route influence

no logic but relies on emotion, affiliation, and trust. speech of the orator, attractiveness, length of speech, is the speaker an expert.

informational social influence

Phenomenon where people change their opinion because they believe others have accurate information

Normative Influence

Tendency to conform to avoid disapproval to maintain social harmony

Elaboration Likelihood model

combination of central and peripheral influence explaining those are the two routes to persuade people depending how how the audience views the topic

Central route leads to long lasting impression

peripheral route leads to temporary effect and fading

hypothetical definition

based on a suggested idea, theory, or imagined

operational definition

replicable procedures designed to represent a construct

Thematic definition

Revolves around a central idea or message

conceptual definition

framework for understanding by using a combination of other topics

stereotype threat

the anxiety of confirming a stereotype that lowers performance

social segregation

separation of social groups based on class

social stigma

set of negative beliefs held toward a particular group

Discrimination

different TREATMENT to a particular group