Chapter 3 Test- Anatomy

4 main types of body tissues and functions

1. epithelium: covering

2. connective: support

3. nervous: control

4. muscle: movement

all categories under each type, functions, location

Epithelial:

• simple squamous

  • air sacs of lungs; serous membranes: cover the organs

  • single layer of thin squamous cells on basement membrane

  • forms membranes where rapid diffusions occur

• stratified squamous

  • esophagus; in high-friction areas

  • most common stratified epithelium in body

  • cells at the free edge are squamous and those close to basement are cuboidal or columnar

• simple cuboidal

  • kidneys; forms the wall of the kidney tubules

  • on basement membrane

  • covers the surface of the ovaries

• stratifed cubiodal

  • ducts of large glands; protection

  • typically has only 2 cell layers with surface cells being cuboidal shape

  • rare

• simple columnar

  • digestive tract; goblet cells

  • single layer that fit closely together

  • lines body cavities open to the exterior

• stratified columnar

  • ducts of large glands; secretion

  • base cells vary in size and shape, rare

• pseudostratified

  • trachea; removes debris

  • basement membrane

  • some cells are shorter than others and nuclei appear at different heights about membrane

  • absorption and secretion

• transitional

  • bladder; stretching

  • highly modified stratifed squamous epithelium

  • forms the lining of few organs

  • free surface

    • if organ stretched, membrane is many layers

    • when stretch surface flattens

• glandular

  • in the 2 glands; secretion

  • endocrine: lose their connection to the surface

  • exocrine: retain ducts to the epithelial surface: sweat, oil glands

Connective:

• Bone

  • in bone; support

  • osseous tissue

  • composed of bone cells sitting in cavities called LACUNAE

  • rock like hardness

• Hyaline Cartilage

  • fetus; forms the bones

  • most widespread

  • attaches the ribs to the breastbone

• Fibrocartilage

  • disks between the vertebrae; cushions the vertebrae

• Elastic Cartilage

  • ear and nose; flexible

• Dense

  • tendons and ligaments; connects

  • crowded between are rows of fibroblasts (fiber-forming cells)

  • tendons: bones to muscles

  • ligaments: bone to bone

  • makes up the lower layers of the skin

• Areolar

  • surrounds organs; cushions and protects organs

  • cobwebby

  • most widely distributed connective tissue in the body

  • universal packing tissue/glue

  • lamina propria: underlies all mucous membranes

  • loose and fluid nature

  • EDEMA: soaking up of excess fluid like a sponge

• Adipose

  • stomach, hips; stores energy

  • stored oil occupies most of a fat cell’s volume

  • aka SIGNET cells

  • eyeballs are protected individually

• Reticular

  • lymph nodes

  • delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers

  • forms the stroma

• Blood

  • blood cells in blood vessels; carries nutrients

  • vascular tissue

  • fibers only visible during blood clotting

Muscle:

• skeletal

  • in muscles; contraction

  • voluntary or involuntary

  • multinucleated, striated

  • muscle fibers

• cardic

  • only in the heart; pumps the heart

  • striated, but uninucleated, involuntary

  • intercalated disks

• smooth

  • digestive tract; contraction

  • no striations, single nucleus, involuntary

  • peristalsis: wave-like motion that keeps food moving through the small intestine

Nervous:

• brain, spinal cord; receives and conducts messages

• irritability and conductivity

apical surface vs basement membrane

apical:

exposed side of an epithelial cell (absorption, secretion, and protection)

basement:

is the bottom, supportive extracellular layer that anchors the cell to underlying tissue

simple vs stratified/squamous vs cubiodal vs columnar vs pseudostratified

simple: one layer of tissue

stratified: multiple layers of tissue

squamous: flat with flat nuclei

cuboidal: cube-shaped cells that are as tall as they are wide, with round, central nuclei

columnar: tall, rectangular column-shaped cells with oval nuclei near the bottom

Pseudostratified: looks like multiple layers because cell nuclei sit at different heights, but it is actually a single layer where all cells touch the basement membrane

all locations and functions of tissues and which of the 4 categoires it falls under

epithelium simple:

• simple squamous

• simple cuboidal

• simple columnar

• pseudostratifed

epithelium stratifed:

• stratified squamous

• stratified cuboidal

• stratified columnar

• transitional

Glandular:

Connective:

• bone

• dense

• blood

• loose

  • arelor

  • adipose

  • reticular

Muscle:

• skeletal

• smooth

• cardic

Nervous:

Epithelial Tissue Material:

Epithe = laid on, covering 

lining, covering and glandular tissue of the body

protection: skin protects against bacterial and chemical

absorption: lines digestive tract

filtration: kidneys filter blood

secretion: oil and mucus

SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS

• fit closely together by desmosomes and tight junctions

• had a apical surface, always have 1 free unattached surface or edge

• the lower surface resets on a basement membrane, strucless material secreted by both the epithelial cells and connective tissue

• they are avascular, have no blood supply of their own, depend on diffusion from the capillaries in the underlying connective tissue for food and oxygen

• if nourished, they can regenerate themselves

Connective Tissue Material

connects body parts

found everywhere in the body

most abundant and widely distributed of the tissue types

involved in protecting, supporting, and binding together body tissues

CHARACTERISTICS

• variations in blood supply: well vascularized (expect in tendons and ligaments and cartilage are avascular)

• extracellular matrix: different types of cells plus the non-living substances found outside the cells

extracellular matrix: ground substance (mainly water plus protein) and large polysaccharides (trap water) (more polysaccharides, the harder the substances are)

fibers in it: collagen, elastic, reticular

Muscle Tissue Material

specialized to contract or shorten to produce movement

Nervous Tissue Material

cell- neuron

2 functions: irritability (ability to react to envir) and conductivity

also uses supporting cells that insulted, support and protect the neuron

all neurons receive and conduct electrochemical impulses from one part of the body to another

Tissue Repair

body defenses at tissue level: physical barriers (skin and mucous membranes), cilia, stomach acid

if tissue injury occurs: inflammatory (prevents further injury) and immune responses (specific; attacks invaders) begin and healing starts