Materials and Methods of Construction Mid Exam

LEED

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

USGBC

United States Green Building Council

Reasons for LEED

LEED Certification Levels

LEED Certified, Silver Level, Gold Level, Platinum level

Sensitive Lands in LEED

Agricultural, Flood Plains, Land Containing Endangered Species, Land Within 100 Ft of Water, Natural Habitats, Former Public Parks

Brownfield

Abandoned contaminated land

Location & Transportation Credit 5

Access to Quality Transit

Location & Transportation Credit 5 intent

Reduce car emissions

Location & Transportation Credit 5 requirement

Identify transport options near public transit

Sustainable Sites Credit 2

Site Development - Protect and Restore Habitat

Sustainable Sites Credit 2 intent

Increase animal ecosystems

Sustainable Sites Credit 2 requirement

Use roofs for wildlife and manage stormwater

Sustainable Sites Credit 5

Heat Island Reduction

Sustainable Sites Credit 5 intent

Reduce heat island effects

Sustainable Sites Credit 5 requirement

Provide shade or cover 75% of parking spaces

Sustainable Sites Credit 6

Light Pollution

Sustainable Sites Credit 6 intent

Reduce light pollution

Sustainable Sites Credit 6 requirement

Keep interior lighting inside, auto-off non-emergency lights

Five materials that must be recycled in a LEED certified project

Paper, Metals, Glass, Corrugated Cardboard, Plastics

Concrete Ingredients

Water, Sand, Gravel, Portland Cement, Air

Portland Cement

Pulverized Lime, Silica, Alumina, Iron

5 Types of Portland Cement

I (normal), II(moderate), III(high early strength), IV(low heat), V(sulfate resisting)

Fine vs Coarse

Fine < 1/4 inch, Coarse > 1/4 inch

How is Concrete Reinforced

Strengthening with steel bars

Control Joints

Prevent uncontrolled cracking

Expansion Joints

Allow concrete flexibility

Slump Test

Measures concrete workability

Concrete Finishing Steps

Bleeding, Screeding, Leveling, Edging, Jointing, Floating, Troweling, Broom Finish

Concrete Cure Time

28 days for full strength

Pre Cast Concrete Advantages and Disadvantages

Pros: manufactured in a controlled environment, efficient quality control and management, does not require a large land area, and how weather conditions are not a factor.

Cons: may not always be delivered on time for construction time, delivery costs, and needs a small error margin to perfectly fit the entire design.

Cast in Place Concrete Advantages and Disadvantages

Pros: no delivery needed, versatility with computer modeling, and allowing builders leeway to design precise and customizable forms for the structure.

Cons: Its disadvantages though are its lengthy time set-up, space usage, and uncertainty of quality, and the use of intense labor.

CMUs in Built Environment

Easy, cheap, lightweight, durable, fire-resistant

Clay Masonry Units in Built Environment

Easy, cheap, lightweight, durable, fire-resistant

Frogged and Cored Brick purpose

Used in building construction

CMU and Brick Modular Dimensions

Standard sizes for industrial use

Architectural Design per CMU Course

If you have an even measure on the design, you could add either 8” or 0” to the design. If you have an odd measure, you will add 4”.

Vertical Bricks per CMU

3 bricks per CMU

Weep Holes

Drain water from buildings

Mortar vs Grout

Mortar for masonry, Grout for ceramics

Types of Mortar

M, S, N, O

Type M Mortar

reinforced masonry or anything else that requires high strength

Type S Mortar

reinforced/nonreinforced masonry or anywhere where flexible strength is needed

Type N Mortar

most general situations and anytime high/lateral strengths aren’t needed.

Type O Mortar

mostly interior

Brick Positioning Patterns

stretcher, header, sailor

Brick Bonding Patterns

running bond, common bond, flemish bond, english bond, stacked bond

Simplest Brick Bonding Pattern

Running bond

Only Acceptable Mortar Joint

Concave Mortar joint

Efflorescence

White powder due to salt leaching