Alexander 2’s domestic reforms

How did conscription change

Universal conscription for all classes at 21

how was military training improved

specialised military college

example of a liberal thinking professor

educational theorist Nicholai Pirogov

how did the number of uni students increase

4k-16k 1865-1899

what were most judges like before

illiterate

who took bribes in judiciary before

police and court secretaries

what were peasant judges like

illiterate

what did geoffrey hosking say

third element were an ‘alternative establishment more truly representative of the russian nation’

why did peasant resent zemstvo taxes

significantly higher on their land than private estates

Who gave church control of primary education

Delyanov

When was zemstvo established

1864

How was service reduced

To 6 years active service 9 years in reserves

How did the old judicial system view accused

Guilty until proven innocent

Benefit of zemstvo

Understood locality

Who did zemstvo get annoyed at

Those who used meeting as a chance to debate

How was army reorganised

Into 15 districts and commanders given more autonomy

How did weaponary and conditions change

Modern rifles and artillery were slowly introdiced and improved conditions

What type of punishment was reduced in military

Corporal punishment reduced

What class were most officers

Still nobility

Who were commonly appointed as commanders

Untrained members of royal family

What went wrong with compulsory military service

Nobility and merchants didnt want to so made peasants go instead

Who did army still mainly rely on

Uneducated peasant conscripts

What did zemstva take over (education)

Running many schools and employing professional teachers

In the first decade of a2’s reign how much did the number of pupils change by

Doubled

How many primary schools 1856 1878

1856 - 8k

1878- 25k

How did curriculum change

Was extended and schools taught either classics or stem

How did unis chnage

Could govern themselves by appointung own teachers courses and students

Women in education

Could attend courses but not do a degree

What type of group was organised (education)

Mutual aid groups and libraries and discussed radical injustice of tsar

What could accused employ (judicary)

Lawyer

Who were criminal court cases heard before

Barrister and a jury

Each ? Had its own court

Province

How was the judicary system simplified

Fewer courts

How did role of judges change

• paid more

• Couldnt be removed from office

What was introduced in the judiciary system

Witnesses and jury trials

What was the justices of the peace

Established magistrates elected by the district council, aimed to handle low level criminal cases

What did the judiciary reforms allow for

Free speech and critiques of the regime creating a second authority

Where were national trials helf

The russian courier

How were peasantry treated in court

Differently in volost courts with peasant judge

What types of court didnt chnage

Ecclesiastical courts and military courts

Who couldnt be tried

Gov officials

Who was tried in special courts

Revolutionaries

Who sometimes intervened in court

Bureaucracy

Geographical limitation of judiciary reforms

Only in big cities

What was the zemstva

Introduced by nobles, town dwellers and peasantry

When were municipal courts introduced

1870

Who elected municipal courts and how often

Property owners every 3 years

What did each zemstva make from members

Governing board

What was the third element

Reffered to professionals employed by zemstvas

Who helped the zemstvas

Prince lvov

What % of zemstva was nobility

40

What % of provisional courts was nobility

70

Where were zemstvas introduced

Areas were population and elites were russian

In 1914 how many provinces with zemstva were encouraged to tax

37/70

Who vetoed zemstva

Marshalls

Tsars opinion on zemstva

Divide between tsar and zemstva, wasnt taken to national level

What happened to censorship 1860s

Relaxed

How did censorship lighten

Newspaper, books, periodicals no longer had to submit to harsh prior censorship,

What could newspapers now discuss

Gov policy

What happened to number of books published

Increased

What happened to literacy levels

Grew

What was increasingly published

Overtly radical journals

What could ministry of interior still do (censorship)

Still withdraw any publication deemed dangerous and dine or close down any periodicals

Ethnic minority treatment

Some poitive change - mainly reversed after 1863 polish revolution - financial libertation remained