AP Human Geo - Vocab

Popular distribution

pattern of human settlement - spread of people across the earth. Representing it on a map highlighting places that are crowded, sparsely settled, or even empty.

Arithmetic Popular density

calculated by dividing a region’s population by it’s total area

Physiological population density

calculated by diving population by the amount of arable land or land suitable for growing crops

Agricultural population density

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

population pyramid

a tool used to study population - age, sex, composition graph

birth deficit

the slowdown of births

baby boom

once hostilities end and peace resumes, the birth rate often spikes

echo

with a high number of boomers having children - there’s a significant increase in births that shows as a buldge on a pyramid. The increase reflects an earlier baby boom

dependency population

people under 15 or over 64 is the dependent population

dependency ratio

the comparison between the size of dependent population and potential workforce

demographic balancing equation

to describe the future population of a region

immigrants

people who moved into the country

emigrants

people who moved out of the country

crude birth rate

number of births (alive) per year for every 1,000 people

total fertility rate

focuses on woman in their childbearing years of ages 15-49

infant mortality rate

the total of children who die before their first birthday

rate of natural increase

the percentage at which a country’s population is growing or declining without the impact of migration 

population doubling time

assuming the growth rate remains steady, the approximate doubling time in years will be divided by 70 by the growth rate per year

demographic transitional model

shows five typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize 

epidemiological transitional model

an extension of the demographic transitional model and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies 

Malthusian Theory

since population would grow faster than food production, the world’s population would soon be unsupportable (the idea of overpopulation)

Boserup’s theory

Suggest that the more people they’re are, the more hands there are to work rather than mouths to feed 

neo Malthusian

those who believe population growth is a serious issue - they accept his fundamental premise as correct today

Anti Natalist Policy

concerns about population growth have led to these policies: The attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries

Pro natalist policy

these policies / programs designed to increase the fertility rate

Dependent population

people under 15 or over 64 are the ____ because they are considered too young or too old to work full time 

push factor

negative circumstances, events, or conditions present which compel someone to leave

pull factor

positive circumstances and conditions that ‘pull’ someone in

emigrate

when people migrate away from someplace

migration transition model

a theory that explains how patterns of migration change as a country develops

gravity model of migration

the model assumes the size and distance between 2 cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic activity

step migration

a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

rural to urban migration

most migration in history has been from rural agricultural areas to urban city areas

return migration

immigrants moving back to their former name

internally displaced persons

if migrants move to another part of the same country - internally displaced persons

refugee

if they cross the international border

asylum

is a protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if she/he returns

chain migration

explains many patterns of migrations and helps migrants transition into the receiving country

transhumance

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

guest worker policies

regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in the specific industries for a defined period of time

xenophobia

strong dislike of people of another culture

remittances

money sent to their families and friends in the country they left

brain drain

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group