Chapter 9 - Intro to Psychology

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58 Terms

1
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what are the three types of **mental ability** tests? (3)
* intelligence
* aptitude
* achievement
2
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what are the two types of **psychological** tests?
* mental ability tests
* personality tests
3
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what do intelligence tests measure, and what are they designed to assess?
intended to measure general mental ability

designed to assess intellectual potential rather than prior knowledge
4
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what do aptitude tests measure, and what are they designed to assess?
intended to assess specific types of mental abilities

designed to predicts a person’s future performance
5
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what type of test are the SAT and GRE tests an example of?
aptitude tests
6
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what do achievement tests measure, and what are they designed to assess?
intended to measure mastery and knowledge

designed to assess what a person has learned
7
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what type of test is an exam?
achievement test
8
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what does a personality test measure? (4)
intended to measure an individual’s personality, including motive, interests, values, and attitudes
9
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what are the requirements of a good test? (3)
* standardization
* reliability
* validity
10
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what does test standardization mean?
same procedures used in the administration + scoring of a test (same conditions)
11
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what is the importance of test norms (standardization)?
test norms allow psychologists to determine how a person scores relative to other people
12
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what is the “standardization group” or “norm group”?
the group of people that the test norms are based on
13
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what is test-retest reliability (stability reliability)?
the same result on more than one occasion
14
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what are two issues that can effect test-retest reliability? (2)
* **carry over effects:** scores on 2nd administration of the test are influenced by the 1st administration
* **practice effects:** skills improve simply bc ppl have taken the test before
15
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what is a way to minimize carry over effects or practice effects?
**alternate forms reliability:** give parallel or alternate forms of a test on different occassions
16
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what are four types of test validity? (4)
* face validity
* content validity
* criterion-related (predictive) validity
* construct validity
17
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what is face validity?
appears to be measuring what it is supposed to be measuring

\
ex. item measuring self-esteem

* a high face validity question would be “do you feel good about yourself?”
* a low face validity question would be “has a wild animal ever effected your life negatively?”
18
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what is content validity?
how well the test covers all relevant parts of the construct it aims to measure

(represents a broad range of content to be measured)

“Is the test fully representative of what it aims to measure?”

\
ex. to test mathematical skill, you need to test more than just multiplication
19
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what is triangulation?
thinking about all the ways something might be expressed

\
ex. when measuring anxiety, you can ask questions concerning symptoms, behaviours, cognitive effects, situational question)
20
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what is criterion-related (predictive) validity?
ability to predict performance on another measure

\
ex. scores on verbal test predicting grades in english
21
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what is construct validity?
evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct (something that you can’t see, measure, weigh, etc.)

“does the test measure the hypothetical concept that it's intended to measure?”
22
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what is reification?
viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing
23
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what is intelligence in research studies?
intelligence is whatever the intelligence test measures
24
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what is intelligence to psychologists? (3)
intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
25
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how did sir francis galton measure intelligence?
used basic motor and sensory abilities to assess intelligence
26
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what did sir francis galton believe about intelligence?
he believed intelligence was inherited
27
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sir francis galton was the first person to use what?
the correlation coefficient
28
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what did sir francis galton’s contributions to intelligence testing lead to?
selective breeding (eugenics)
29
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what did alfred binet and theodore simon’s test measure?
a child’s “mental age”
30
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what was the purpose of alfred binet and theodore simon’s test?
to identify schoolchildren needing special attention
31
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what did lewis terman contribute to intelligence testing?
he revised binet’s test at standford university and called it the “standford-binet intelligence scale”
32
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how do you calculate the intelligence quotient (IQ) according to the standford-binet intelligence scale?
mental age / chronological age x 100
33
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what did lewis termans test (standford-binet intelligence scale) lead to?
the government used it to reduce immigration
34
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what is the most widely used intelligence test today?
the wechsler adult intelligence scale
35
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what does the wechsler adult intelligence scale place more emhpasis on?
non-verbal reasoning
36
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what did gardner contribute to intelligence testing?
created the theory of multiple intelligences
37
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IQ scores below 70-75 are diagnostic of what?
intellectual disability
38
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IQ scores of 70 indicate what?
6th grade education max, special education is helpful
39
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IQ scores of 20-35 indicate what?
severe impairment, limited speech, poor self-care habits

systematic training can have some benefit
40
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IQ scores above __what__ can be categorized as gifted?
IQ scores above 130
41
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what did winner find when researching individuals with IQs of 175+
he found that they had a difficult time adjusting to life
42
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what is the three-ring conception of eminent giftedness? (3)
giftedness due to a combination of **intelligence**, **creativity**, and **motivation**
43
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what is drudge theory? (3)
claims that exceptional achievement is primarily dependent on dogged **determination**, endless **practice**, and **training**
44
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what is the flynn effect?
worldwide increase in IQ test scores over time
45
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what is the cumulative deprivation hypothesis?
proposes that under conditions of marked social and environmental deprivation, growth and development deficits in children will grow as children grow older.
46
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what is the evidence for environment determining intelligence? (3)
* adoption studies
* siblings raised together vs. apart
* unrelated children raised together\`
47
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what is the evidence that intelligence is hereditary? (2)
* twin studies
* heritability
48
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what is heritability
a measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in their traits
49
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what is intelligence determined by? (2)
* genetics are 100% responsible for determining IQ range (potential)
* environment is 100% responsible for determining where the IQ falls on that range
50
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what is spearmans two-factor theory of intelligence?
proposes that intelligence has two components: **general intelligence** ("g") and **specific ability** ("s")
51
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what is thurstone’s multifactor theory of intelligence?
proposed that intelligence consists of seven primary mental abilities:

\-verbal comprehension

\-word fluency

\-number facility

\- spatial visualization

\- associative memory

\- perceptual speed

\- reasoning
52
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what are the three parts of sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence? (3)
* analytical
* creative
* practical
53
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what is savant syndrome?
a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
54
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what is practical intelligence?
ability to solve real life problems as they arise (learning from experience)
55
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what is creative intelligence?
ability to respond to new situations and find new solutions to problems
56
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what is analytical intelligence?
ability to analyze, understand and draw conclusions from given information
57
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what is the entity theory of intelligence?
theory that intelligence is fixed at birth and is not affected by experiences or attempts to change it
58
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what is the incremental theory of intelligence?
theory that intelligence can be changed by effort and seeking out formative experiences