Chapter 7: Insular Southeast Asia: Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines

Copy and paste the following directly into Quizlet (each line is one card; Front and Back separated by a single tab):

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Philippines – Number of islands

Over 7,000 islands

Philippines – Total archipelago length

Approximately 800 km off Vietnam

Philippines – Two largest islands

Luzon (with Manila & Quezon City) and Mindanao

Philippines – Western maritime border

South China Sea

Philippines – Eastern maritime border

Philippine Sea

Philippines – Southern maritime border

Celebes Sea

Philippines – Northern maritime border

Luzon Strait

Philippines – Physical geography benefit

Extensive coastline supports fisheries & maritime trade

Philippines – Physical geography drawback

Vulnerability to typhoons, earthquakes & volcanic eruptions; logistical challenges across dispersed islands

Philippines – Form of government

Unitary representative democracy

Philippines – Head of state and government

President (single six-year term)

Philippines – Legislature structure

Bicameral Congress: 24-member Senate; up to 250-member House

Philippines – Judiciary status

Independent judiciary

Philippines – 2020 GDP growth

–9.5 % contraction (COVID‐19 impact)

Philippines – IMF-projected rebound

+6.9 % in 2021; +6.5 % in 2022

Philippines – Sectoral employment shares

Agriculture 22.5 %; Industry 30.1 %; Services 61 %

Philippines – Agriculture share of GDP

8.8 % in 2019

Philippines – Services strength

BPO/call centers & remittances (large OFW diaspora)

Philippines – Mineral wealth estimate

≈ USD 840 billion unexploited resources

Philippines – Major economic strengths

Competitive services; remittance inflows; top coconut & mineral producer

Philippines – Predominant ethnicity

Malay stock with Chinese, Spanish & American minorities

Philippines – Official languages

Filipino & English (93 % literacy)

Philippines – Major dialects

Tagalog; Cebuano; Ilocano; etc.

Philippines – Major religion

Roman Catholic 81 %; Protestant 9 %; Muslim 5 %; Buddhist/other 3 %

Indonesia – Number of islands

More than 17,000 islands

Indonesia – Major islands

Sumatra; Java; Borneo/Kalimantan; Sulawesi; Papua

Indonesia – Equatorial span

Straddles the equator between Indian & Pacific Oceans

Indonesia – Neighboring countries

Malaysia; Singapore; Philippines; Australia; Papua New Guinea

Indonesia – Physical geography benefit

Rich biodiversity & natural resources (oil, gas, minerals, timber, palm oil) + large domestic market

Indonesia – Physical geography drawback

Infrastructural & connectivity challenges across remote islands

Indonesia – Form of government

Presidential republic (two five-year terms max)

Indonesia – Legislature

People’s Representative Council (550 members) & Regional Representative Council (132 members)

Indonesia – MPR powers

Inaugurate or impeach President

Indonesia – 2016 GDP

≈ USD 940.9 billion (16th largest globally)

Indonesia – 10-year growth average

5.7 % p.a.; 4.9 % in 2016

Indonesia – Employment by sector

Services 45 %; Agriculture 34 %; Industry 21 %

Indonesia – Economic resilience

Domestic-driven model & vast resources weathered 2008–09 crisis

Indonesia – G20 membership

Recognized as a major emerging economy

Indonesia – Major economic strengths

Vast resources; large market; growing middle class; diversified manufacturing

Indonesia – Largest ethnic group

Javanese (over 40 % of population)

Indonesia – Number of ethnic groups

Over 300 ethnic groups

Indonesia – National language

Bahasa Indonesia (unifies many dialects)

Indonesia – Predominant religion

Muslim 87 % (moderate, syncretic); Hindu, Christian, Buddhist minorities

Brunei – Geography type

Small sultanate on northern Borneo coast

Brunei – Land area feature

Over half forested; western coastal plains; mountainous east

Brunei – Bisected by

Malaysian state of Sarawak

Brunei – Neighboring sea

Brunei Bay (north) & South China Sea

Brunei – Physical geography benefit

Onshore oil & gas reserves finance high living standards

Brunei – Physical geography drawback

Small land area; heavy hydrocarbon reliance → limited agriculture & revenue volatility

Brunei – Form of government

Islamic constitutional sultanate under 1959 Constitution

Brunei – Head of state & government

Sultan of Brunei (also Prime Minister)

Brunei – Legislature

Appointed Legislative Council; no direct elections since 1962

Brunei – Judiciary

Civil and Sharia courts

Brunei – Hydrocarbon share of GDP

Over 50 % from oil & gas

Brunei – Private‐sector contribution

Approximately 3 % of GDP

Brunei – 2019 growth rate

+3.9 % GDP growth

Brunei – 2020 growth rate

+1.2 % GDP growth (COVID‐19)

Brunei – IMF‐forecast growth

+1.6 % (2021); +2.5 % (2022)

Brunei – Debt & inflation

2.8 % of GDP; 1.9 % inflation (2020)

Brunei – Diversification driver

Need to reduce oil‐gas dependence

Brunei – Major economic strengths

High‐value oil & LNG; fiscal surpluses; no personal income tax; free health & education; strategic reinvestment

Brunei – Majority ethnicity

Ethnic Malays (majority); Chinese & expatriate minorities

Brunei – Official language

Malay (Brunei variant); English widely used in business

Brunei – State religion & freedom

Islam (state religion); religious freedom guaranteed; proselytism restricted

Common – Geography feature

Archipelagic states with rich maritime resources & connectivity challenges

Common – Colonial legacy

Spanish/American in Philippines; Dutch in Indonesia; British in Brunei

Common – ASEAN membership

Founding or early members pursuing export-oriented growth & integration

Common – Linguistic diversity

High cultural & linguistic diversity; national languages unify populations

Common – Strategic location

Along South China Sea shipping lanes & regional trade routes

ASEAN challenge – Infrastructure deficits

Island-wide gaps in transport, energy & digital networks

ASEAN challenge – Uneven development

Disparities in income & connectivity among islands & states

ASEAN challenge – Internal conflicts

Mindanao separatism (Philippines); Papua & Aceh tensions (Indonesia)

ASEAN challenge – Maritime disputes

Sensitive sovereignty issues in South China Sea & territorial waters

ASEAN opportunity – Connectivity initiatives

BIMP-EAGA and other subregional cooperation projects

ASEAN opportunity – Tourism collaboration

Multi-country circuits linking beaches, cultural sites & eco-tourism

ASEAN opportunity – Trade facilitation

Reduced tariffs & streamlined customs across member states

ASEAN opportunity – Value-chain integration

Deepening regional production networks in manufacturing & agribusiness

ASEAN opportunity – Knowledge & tech transfer

Sharing best practices in digital economy, renewable energy & infrastructure development

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