US Honors CH13-16 Knowt Study Guide

Populist Party

A late 19th-century political party, primarily of farmers, advocating for reforms against railroads and banks, including free coinage of silver and direct election of senators.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of Standard Oil, known for dominating the oil industry through horizontal integration.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist who led the American steel industry and later became a philanthropist.

Vertical Integration

Controlling all stages of production, from raw materials to distribution.

Horizontal Integration

Acquiring competing businesses in the same industry.

Bessemer Process

A cost-reducing steel-making process, crucial for industrial expansion.

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

National labor federation founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers, focused on skilled workers' wages, hours, and conditions.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

1911 NYC factory fire that killed 146 workers, leading to improved factory safety and labor union growth.

Haymarket Square Riot

Violent 1886 Chicago confrontation between striking workers and police, leading to deaths and an anti-labor backlash.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

First major US strike, sparked by wage cuts, leading to widespread unrest and federal intervention.

Homestead Strike

Violent 1892 industrial strike at Carnegie Steel, involving a lockout and battle between strikers and Pinkerton detectives.

Pullman Strike

Nationwide railroad strike in 1894, started by Pullman Company employees over wage cuts, halting railroad traffic.

Philanthropy

Promoting welfare through generous donations.

Social Darwinism

A theory applying 'survival of the fittest' to human society and business, justifying wealth inequality.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1890 federal law aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts to promote competition.

Munn v. Illinois

1877 Supreme Court case affirming states' power to regulate private industries serving the public interest.

Jacob Riis

Photojournalist who documented the harsh living conditions of the urban poor.

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment and policies prioritizing native-born citizens over newcomers.

Tammany Hall/Tweed Ring

Notorious Democratic political machine in NYC known for corruption and patronage.

Angel Island

Immigration station in San Francisco Bay known for harsh processing of Asian immigrants.

Ellis Island

Chief immigration station in New York Harbor processing millions of European immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 federal law prohibiting Chinese labor immigration.

Political Machines

Unofficial political organizations controlling local government through patronage.

James Garfield

20th U.S. President, assassinated in 1881, which spurred civil service reform.

Pendleton Act

1883 federal law establishing the Civil Service Commission, requiring merit-based appointments.

Shame of the Cities

Muckraking book exposing widespread political corruption in American cities.

Jane Addams

Pioneer of settlement house movement, co-founded Hull House to provide services to immigrants.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

Major 1872 scandal involving bribery and corruption within the Union Pacific Railroad.

George Eastman

Inventor who founded Kodak and popularized photography.

Frederick Olmstead

Landscape architect who co-designed Central Park.

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 Supreme Court decision establishing 'separate but equal' doctrine.

Booker T. Washington

African American educator advocating for vocational training and economic self-sufficiency.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraking journalist known for her exposé on Standard Oil.

W.E.B. Du Bois

African American sociologist advocating for immediate civil rights and intellectual development.

Jim Crow Laws

State laws enacted to disenfranchise and segregate African Americans.

Literacy Tests

Voting requirements used to disenfranchise African American voters.

Poll Taxes

Fees required to vote, used to disenfranchise poor voters.

Grandfather Clause

Laws protecting illiterate white voters from literacy tests, targeting Black voters.