unit 7 world

Russian Revolution of 1917

Russian Revolution of 1917

Tsar Nicolas II forced to give up throne, end of Romanov Dynasty. Caused by lack of rights, huge losses in WWI and struggles to industrialize. Established communist regime.

Vladimir Lenin

Founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and the Soviet state. Established the New Economic Policy.

Sun Yatsen

Led the 1911 revolt against the Qing Dynasty and became the father of the Chinese Republic

Collapse of Qing Dynasty

• Corruption

-Population growth leading to food shortages

-Incompetence

-Pressure from Western Countries

-The Chinese thought that China was too infiltrated by Westerners / Treaty of Nanjing

Sick Man of Europe

Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. Favored Turkish nationalism. It was against monarchy and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Porfirio Diaz

Dictator in Mexico from 1876 to 1911. Overthrown by the Mexican Revolution of 1910.

Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. Fought against Porfirio Diaz. Despite lack of schooling, he was a great solider and strategist. Worked with Emiliano Zapata.

Emiliano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately defeated and assassinated.

Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. Was assassinated by a Serb nationalist. Sparked the beginning of WWI.

Gavrilo Princip

Young Serbian who assassinated Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie. Part of a the Black Hand, a Serbian Nationalist group

Causes of WWI:

Militarism / Alliances / Nationalism / Imperialism / Assassination of Ferdinand

Pan-Slavism

a movement in the mid-19th century aimed at unity of all the Slavic peoples.

Triple Entente

an alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia. It formed the basis of the Allied powers in World War I.

Triple Alliance

Alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy formed prior to WWI

Total War

Type of war that envelops an entire society both economically and militarily with fighting and on the home front. Armies destroy its opponents ability to fight by targeting military as well as civilian and economic resources. Massive civilian casualties and economic damage.

New Technologies in WWI:

U-Boats / Tanks / Mustard Gas / Airplanes / Zepplins

Trench warfare

A way of fighting in which soldiers fought form long narrow ditches. Typically were guarded by barbed wire.

No Man's Land

Strip of bombed-out territory that separated the trenches of opposing armies along the Western Front during WWI. More people died here than anywhere else.

"Going over the top"

Meant getting out of your trench and entering no man's land to attack the enemy's trench.

Mustard gas

Poisonous gas used during WWI that was carried by the wind, burned lungs and was deadly in trenches.

Home Front

War controlled economy at home away from the fighting. Much government involvement.

Battle of Verdun

The greatest and lengthiest battle in the WWI. This bloody battle between the German and the French suffered over 700,000 casualties. This was a stalemate in which both sides suffered major causalities but gained little land.

Western Front

In World War I, the region of northern France where the forces of the Allies and the Central Powers battled each other in trenches. Series of trenches that ran 500 miles from Belgian coast to the Swiss border.

Eastern Front

Region along the German/Russian border where WWI was fought

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's Plan to quickly attack and defeat France by traveling through Belgium before Russia could mobilize and attack Germany. Goal was to defeat French first to avoid a two front war. Failed.

Stalemate

A situation in which neither side is strong enough to defeat the other.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship which was torpedoed by a German U-boat. Angered America and was a primary reason that the US decided to join in the fight against Germany in WWI.

Zimmerman Telegram

German invitation to Mexico to help fight the US. If Germany wins, US land would be given by them to Mexico- would include California, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico. The British discovered it and told the US.

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States, from 1913 to 1921. During WWI, his second term centered on World War I and the subsequent peace treaty negotiations in Paris. He based his re-election campaign around the slogan, To make the world safe for democracy". Famous for his Fourteen Points and the League of Nations.

Paris Peace Conference of 1919

The meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for Germany and other defeated nations, and to deal with the empires of the defeated powers following the Armistice of 1918.

Armenian Genocide

Ottoman government's systematic extermination of its minority Armenian subjects from their historic homeland in the territory constituting the present-day Republic of Turkey . Goal to create a more homogeneous Turkish state.

Armistice

Temporary stopping of war by agreement of both sides before a peace treaty is signed - Occurred on November 11th, 1918 at 11am between Germany and the Allies.

Treaty of Versailles

The 1919 peace treaty that ended WWI and made reparation requirements of Germany.

Self- Determination

in politics, the right of a people to assert its own national identity or form of government without outside influence

Fourteen Points

Speech delivered by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. People in Europe generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but his Allied colleagues were skeptical of the applicability of his idealism. (1-5: Open diplomacy, freedom of seas, reduction of armaments; 6-13: national sovereignty, adjust national boundaries; 14: League of Nations)

Big Four The winners of WWI:

US, GB, France, Italy

League of Nations

An international organization established under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 . Woodrow Wilson, its foremost supporter, called for its formation in his Fourteen Points.

Effects of WWI:

Physical destruction, Massive loss of life - "lost generation", Starvation, malnutrition, Spread of diseases, Creation of League of Nations, Destruction of German economy, Women's rights, Tensions between nations

Albert Einstein

Invented the Theory of Relativity (E=MC2). Space and time is relative to the person measuring. The info was used to make the atom bomb.

Werner Heisenberg

Physicist who determined that it is impossible to know simultaneously the position and momentum of a particle known. This is referred to as the Uncertainty Principle. He made huge advancements in quantum mechanics.

Fascism

Militant, authoritarian political system that focuses on extreme nationalism. Opposed to libterm-33eralism, Marxism, anarchism and liberal democracy.

Black Shirts

A party of militants who had black shirt uniforms under the leadership of Mussolini

John Maynard Keynes

A British economist who created the idea of deficit spending to jump start the economy. Believed the economy should be stimulated to build up people who could later be taxed to get government money back. Helped influence the financial portion of the New Deal.

Keynesian Economics

Promotes the use of government intervention (fiscal and monetary policy) to correct contractions in the economy. Before this economist believed in self regulations economies.

Dawes Plan

An attempt in 1924 for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. Initially successful but American banks cut off the gold supply to Germany in order to invest in the stock market.

Black Thursday

The day the stock market crashed October 24, 1929 in the United States. People lost massive amounts of money, signaled start of Great Depression

Responses to Great Depression:

1. Economic nationalism/ 2. Remove women from workplace/ 3. Planned scarcity/ 4. Keynesian Economics/ 5. New Deal Programs

New Deal

A series of reforms by FDR. The first was made for economic recovery and the second was made to stabilize the economy. It provide food and housing, create jobs through work public works projects, insured banks with the FDIC, started social security, allowed collective bargaining, and guaranteed minimum wages. Goal was to prevent future depressions.

Fascism

A governmental system led by a dictator having complete power, forcibly suppressing opposition , and emphasizing an aggressive nationalism and often racism. Very militant. Condemned individualism, liberalism, feminism, democracy and socialism.

Qualities of Fascism:

Ultra-nationalism, Veneration and loyalty to the state, Devotion to a strong leader, Ethnocentric, Militaristic in focus

Benito Mussolini

Italian leader during WWII who aided Hitler. Found the fascist party, and believed in the restoration of the Roman Empire.

Weimar Republic

Government set up in Germany after WWI form 1919-1933

Adolf Hitler

Fascist leader of Germany and of the Third Reich. Invasion of European countries and military buildup led to WWII. Responsible for the mass murder of millions of Jews and others in the Holocaust

Third Reich

Germany during the Nazi regime; successful in rebuilding Germany and significantly decreasing unemployment

Mein Kampf

Literally translates to My Struggle; Hitler's book that he wrote while in jail / Helped Hitler gain supporters once he got out of jail

Nazi Beliefs:

Racial superiority/ Increase births of "racially valuable" children/ Sterilization of low quality people/ Anti-Semetic

National Socialist German Workers Party

Also known as Nazis. Adolf Hitler was the leader. Intense racism and nationalism; very anti-Semitic; opposed communism, wanted to fix economic problems in Germany

Kristallnacht

Night of Broken Glass, a pogrom of attacks against Jews on November 9 and 10th, 1938, throughout Nazi Germany, annexed Austria and the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.

Nuremberg Laws

Laws that discriminated Jews and stripped them of citizenship - didn't allow Jews and Germans to marry.

Eugenics

A movement that argued that intelligence is genetic, so governments should encourage reproduction of those with high intelligence and not those with lower intelligence.

Holocaust

A mass slaughter of Jews and other civilians considered part of an inferior race that was carried out by the Nazi government of Germany before and during WWII. Between 10-12 million people killed.

Rome-Berlin Axis

Coalition formed in 1936 between Italy and Germany. Later came to include Japan as it became the Axis Powers.

Appeasement

Granting of concessions to a hostile power in order to keep peace

Munich Conference

A 1938 meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and Germany where France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia in return for Adolf Hitler's pledge to respect Czechoslovakia's new borders.

Axis Powers

Italy, Japan, and Germany

USSR

The union of Soviet Socialist Republics (aka Soviet Union) formed in 1922 by the Communists and officially dissolved in 1991.

Joseph Stalin

Totalitarian dictator of the Soviet Union 1929-1953; he led the Soviet Union through WWII which paid large prices in human life on the Eastern Front in Europe. Believed in "Socialism in One Country" instead of spreading communism throughout the world. Oppressive to anyone who didn't agree with his ideas. Many sent to gulags and work camps.

Japan Authoritarianism vs. Italy/Germany

All wanted authoritarian leader/ Japan didn't have charismatic leader like Hitler or Mussolini - cabinet members were prominent leaders not elected party leaders - return to value of emperor and military class./ Political offenders were resocialized not killed or sent to prison - less repressive/ Censorship of press

Causes of WWII

Treaty of Versailles/ Global economic crisis/ Rise of Hitler & Nazi Party/ German aggression/ Failure of appeasement/ Failure of the League of Nations

Sequence of WWII

1. Hitler invades Czechoslovakia/ 2. Hitler invades Poland/ 3. Moves to Paris - French sign armistice/ 4. Attempts to take Britain / 5. Invades Soviet Union

Invasion of Manchuria

Japan invaded here in 1931 and started Japanese dominance in SE & East Asia

Battle of Britain

The prolonged bombardment of British cities by the German Luftwaffe (air force) in 1940. Attack targeted civilians. British victory. Considered Hitler's worst mistake.

Battle of Moscow, 1941

October 1941-January 1942. Red Army vs. Germans Soviet victory as they counterattacked during a blizzard. Moscow was one of the primary military and political objectives for Axis forces in their invasion of the Soviet Union .

Pearl Harbor

Surprise Japanese bombing on Dec. 7, 1941 on US military base. Goal to eliminate US power in the Pacific. Significant as it led the US into WWII.

Battle of Midway

Battle between Japan and U.S. in the Pacific six months after Pearl Harbor. US naval victory and is considered an important turning point in the Pacific theater.

Iwo Jima

The American amphibious invasion on a key island off the Japanese coast. Significant as the US gained a key military airstrip as they advanced towards Japan in WWII.

Battle of Normandy

Also known as D-Day and Operation Overlord. Allies landing in France on June 6, 1944. Eventually pushed inland all the way to Paris. Largest amphibious assault in history.

Battle of Berlin

Allied invasion of Germany in 1945. Western Allies (British/Americans) attack mainly by air and Soviet Union attacks mainly on foot and destroy most of the city. Allied victory. Hitler commits suicide. Leads to unconditional surrender.

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

US President during Great Depression where he began New Deal programs to help the nation out economically. Also was US leader during most of WWII

Blitzkrieg

Means "lightning war". A form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving tanks are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces. German tactic in WWII.

Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact

Pact between Germany and Soviet Union to not invade each other. Together invade Poland and divide between them.

Luftwaffe

German air force

Asia for the Asians

Slogan used by Japan to gain support for eliminating European colonial control in Asia. Sign of Japanese imperialism.

Rape of Nanjing

The massacre of hundreds of thousands Chinese civilians, mainly women and girls, by the Japanese in 1937. Significant because it was a step toward Japanese expansionism and dominance. Massive amounts of Chinese women were raped by the Japanese soldiers.

Comfort Women

Chinese women who were used for sex during World War II by the Japanese.

Potsdam Conference

Meeting after WWII between Truman, Stalin and Churchill. Discusses post war arrangements in Europe and outlines terms for unconditional surrender of Japan. Officially divides Berlin as discussed prior. Decides to prosecute Nazis as war criminals for the Holocaust.

Yalta Conference

Meeting of the Big Three (FDR, Churchill & Stalin) Discuss post war plans for Germany. Will create 4 zones of Berlin. Occurs prior to the end of WWII in February 1945.

United Nations

An international peacekeeping organization founded in 1945 to provide collective security to the nations of the world.

Atomic Bomb

Dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. Led to Japanese unconditional surrender and the end of WWII.

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day which commemorates the end of fighting in WWII in Europe.

V-J Day

Victory in Japan Day which commemorates the end of fighting in WWII in Japan

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in 1994. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Cambodian Genocide

Four-year period that saw the deaths of approximately two million Cambodians through the combined result of political executions, starvation, and forced labor by Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge.

Pol Pot

Leader of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, who terrorized the people of Cambodia throughout the 1970's