Apush Semester 1 Final

Washington's Farewell Address

Emphasized neutrality in foreign affairs.

Republicans vs. Federalists

Jefferson was the head of the Republicans; Hamilton led the Federalists.

Missouri Compromise

Created by Henry Clay; established 36°30' line; Maine is free, Missouri is slave.

Henry Clay

Known as 'the great compromiser' for his role in legislative agreements.

Andrew Jackson

Vetoed the bank, leading to Panic of 1837; implemented the Indian Removal Act.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis triggered by Jackson's veto of the national bank.

Nullification

The refusal to follow a federal law.

Manifest Destiny

The belief in a God-given right to expand westward.

Mexican-American War

Began over Texas but primarily aimed at acquiring California.

Abolitionism

The movement to abolish slavery.

Compromise of 1850

California entered as a free state; stricter fugitive slave laws were established.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Allowed popular sovereignty in territories above the line set by the Missouri Compromise.

Bleeding Kansas

Violence due to pro-slavery border ruffians invading Kansas.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

Ruled that Scott was property and could not sue in court.

Secession

The act of the Southern states breaking away from the Union, with South Carolina being the first.

Reconstruction Plans

Three plans: Lincoln's lenient approach, Congress's strict measures, and Johnson's moderate policy.

Freedman's Bureau

Created to assist newly freed slaves.

Reconstruction Amendments

Changes: 13th (emancipation), 14th (citizenship), 15th (voting rights for freed slaves).

Sharecropping

A system that effectively re-enslaved many former slaves.

Impeachment of President Johnson

House impeached him; the Senate did not convict.

Black Codes

Laws aimed at restricting the rights of black individuals.

Gilded Age

Characterized by a wealth gap, poor working conditions, and corruption.

Vertical Integration

Controlling the supply chain in an industry.

Horizontal Integration

Merger and acquisition of competitors in the same industry.

Andrew Carnegie

Industrialist in steel, known for vertical integration and philanthropy.

John D. Rockefeller

Industrialist in oil, known for horizontal integration.

J.P. Morgan

Finance mogul, known for bailing out the government.

George Pullman

Inventor of the sleeper car and creator of Pullman Town.

Socialism

A system where the government controls all aspects of the economy.

Laissez-faire

Economic principle of minimal government intervention.

Populist Movement

A coalition of farmers and laborers advocating for better rights.

Omaha Platform

Political agenda for the Populist movement focusing on reforms.

New Immigration/Labor Movement

Refers to the influx of immigrants from Central and Eastern Europe and Asia.

Nativism

The belief that immigrants are taking jobs from native-born citizens.

Josiah Strong

Advocated for imperialism and spreading Christianity.

Alfred T. Mahan

Promoted naval power as a means of expansion.

Spanish-American War

Conflict that began in Cuba and aimed at acquiring the Philippines.

Anti-imperialism

Opposition to imperialist practices on moral grounds.

Plessy v. Ferguson

Established 'separate but equal' doctrine, leading to Jim Crow laws.

Progressivism

Movement aimed at improving social issues stemming from the Gilded Age.

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices.

TR's Square Deal

A domestic program focused on conservation, consumer protection, and control of corporations.

Progressive Amendments

16th (income tax), 17th (direct election of senators), 18th (prohibition), 19th (women's suffrage).

WW1

Triggered by national security threats and the need to protect democracy.

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's proposal for post-war peace and self-determination.

Red Scare

Fear of communism and threats from Soviet Russia.

Sacco & Vanzetti

Two immigrants wrongfully convicted and executed.

Quota System

Regulated and restricted immigration based on nationality.

Ku Klux Klan

Racist organization targeting various ethnic groups and advocating for white supremacy.

Flappers

Women in the 1920s who challenged traditional norms with their fashion and behavior.

Conservative

Favors traditional values and structures.

Liberal

Supports progressive change and reform.

1920s Consumerism

Fueled by the installment plan and mass production.

Advertising

Techniques used to entice consumers towards buying products.

Installment Plan

A credit system that allows consumers to pay for goods over time.

Assembly Line

Manufacturing process developed by Henry Ford to mass-produce goods.