Part One Boards: Spinal Anatomy

What does ductus arteriosus become?

ligamentum arteriosum

What does ductus venosus become?

ligamentum venosum

The umbilical vein becomes?

Round ligament (ligamentum teres)

What is the esophagus derived from?

Foregut (lower respiratory tract, stomach, proximal duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen)

What is the distal duodenum derived from?

Midgut (jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 transverse colon)

What is the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon derived from?

Hindgut (descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum)

What is the sacral sympathetic chain derived from?

Neural crest

What is NOT derived from the neural plate?

Neurons of PNS (neural crest)

Which pharyngeal arch for muscles of mastication?

1st pharyngeal arch (oral jaw)

What is derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

Hyoid and jaw support

What is derived from the 3rd pharyngeal arch?

Stylopharyngeus

What is derived from the 4th pharyngeal arch?

Cricothyroid and intrinsic muscles of soft palate

What is derived from the 6th pharyngeal arch?

Intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid

What pharyngeal arch gives rise to NO STRUCTURES?

5th pharyngeal arch

Where do we find ciliated pseudostratified cells?

Trachea

Which cells form myelin in CNS?

oligodendrocytes

Which cells form myelin in PNS?

Schwann cells

What cells are most numerous in CNS?

Astrocytes

Most neurons in the CNS system are __________-polar?

Multipolar

Which neurons connect within the lower centers to cerebral cortex?

Projection neurons

Which neurons connect locally within the brain?

Interneurons

What neurons are located near the dorsal midline and send axons ventrally connecting the two hemispheres and then change direction to grow longitudinally toward the brain?

Commissural neurons

What does the umbilical artery become?

medial umbilical ligament

What secondary vesicle is associated with thallus formation?

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland)

What structures develop from mesencephalon?

Midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

What develops from forebrain?

telencephalon and diencephalon

What develops from metencephalon?

Cerebellum and pons

What develops from the myelencephalon?

medulla oblongata

What part of the brain is responsible for striatal lesions (tremors)?

Basal ganglia

What cranial nerve includes the myelencephalon?

9, 10, 11, 12

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

Diencephalon (3rd ventricle as well)

Where are the 4th ventricles located?

Metencephalon

What are the meninges from outer to inner?

Dura, arachnoid, pia

What cells produce CSF?

ependymal cells of the choroid plexus

What level does the spinal cord terminate?

L1-L2 (conus medullaris)

What does cauda equina terminate as?

Pia mater

What is the primary motor cortex?

Precentral gyrus

What is the primary somatosensory cortex?

postcentral gyrus

What is the thalamus in charge of?

Integration and relay center (regulate consciousness, sleep, alertness)

A LMN lesion will cause?

Fasciculations (flaccid and hypo reflex)

An UMN lesion will cause?

Hyperreflexia and spasticity

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm?

Phrenic nerve

Peripheral nerves has what type of axons?

Myelinated axons

Bipolar cells are found where?

Retina and vestibular nerves (special senses)

What is an ascending, unconscious tract?

Posterior spinocerebellar

Dorsal columns deal with?

Vibration, proprioception, 2 pt touch discrimination

What is the correct order for the anterior spinothalamic pathway?

Posterior root ganglion, substantia gelatinosa, posterior lateral nucleus

What does the spinothalamic tract deal with?

Pain and temperature

What gives rise to all neurons and supporting cells?

Ectoderm

What does foramen ovale become?

Fossa ovalis

What is the remnant of the duct of allantois?

Urachus

What gives rise to astrocytes?

Oligodendrocytes

Which neurons connect part of SAME hemisphere?

Association neurons

What cells form BBB?

Astrocytes

What are the telencephalon and diencephalon derived from?

Prosencephalon

What do metencephalon and myelencephalon come from>

Rhombencephalon

What is the most common location for CVA?

Middle cerebral artery

Where is a spinal tap done?

Subarachnoid space

How many pairs of spinal nerves?

31

What is the Bell-Magendi law?

Dorsal roots are sensory (afferent)

Ventral roots are motor (efferent)

What causes black color of substantia nigra?

Dopamine from tyrosine converted into melanin

What part of cerebellum is anterior and does general muscle tone?

Paleocerebellum

What part of cerebellum is posterior and does coordination of skilled movements?

Neocerebellum

What part of cerebellum is flocculonodular lobe and does equilibrium?

Archicerebellar

What are the cerebellar nuclei from medial to lateral, small to large?

fastigial, globus, emboliform, and dentate (FGED, flowers grow every day)

Which tract does precise and skilled voluntary movement?

Corticospinal (lateral and anterior); pyramidal

Which tract inhibits or facilitates voluntary movement?

Reticulospinal (pontine and medullary); extrapyramidal

Which tract does reflex postural movement to visual stimuli?

Tectospinal; extrapyramidal

Which tract facilitates flexors and inhibits extensors?

Rubrospinal; extrapyramidal

Which tract facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors?

Vestibulospinal; extrapyramidal

Which tract does pain and temperature?

Lateral spinothalamic; contralateral symptoms

Which tract does light touch and tactile sensation?

Anterior spinothalamic; contralateral symptoms

Which tracts go through the tract of Lissauer?

Spinothalamics

Which tracts does 2 pt touch discrimination, vibration, and proprioception?

Gracilis (LE) and Cuneatus (UE); ipsilateral symptoms

Which tract does unconscious gross movement of the lower body?

Anterior spinocerebellar; contralateral symtpoms **crosses twice**

Which tract does unconscious fine movement of the lower body?

Posterior spinocerebellar; ipsilateral symptoms **does not cross**

Which two tracts go through Clark's nucleus (nucleus dorsalis)?

Ant and post spinocerebellar

Which peduncles do the posterior spinocerebellar and anterior spinocerebellar tracts go through respectively?

Posterior inferior peduncle and anterior superior peduncle

What is the spinotectal tract aka?

Spino-quadrigeminal system of Mott

What is sensory to posterolateral neck?

Lesser occipital nerve (C2-3)

What is sensory to ear and parotid gland?

Greater auricular (C2-3)

What is sensory to anterior and lateral neck?

Transverse cervical (C2-3)

What is sensory to shoulder and anterior chest?

Supraclavicular (C3-4)

What is motor to geniohyoid and infrahyoid muscle?

Ansa cervicalis (C1-4)

What is sensory to the thigh, leg, foot, hip, and knee joints and motor to anterior thigh, psoas, pectineus, and Iliacus?

Femoral (L2-4)

What is sensory to medial thigh and hip joint and motor to adductors, gracilis, and obturator externus?

Obturator (L2-4)

What is sensory to lateral thigh and branches to peritoneum?

Lateral femoral cutaneous (L2-3)

What is sensory over the lower abdomen, lower back and hip, anterolateral ab wall, and pubic region?

Iliohypogastric (L1)

What is sensory to external genitalia, thigh, and abdominals?

Ilioinguinal (L1)

What is sensory to scrotum, labia, thigh, and cremasterics?

Genitofemoral (L1-2)

What is motor to tibial and common peroneal?

Sciatic (L4-S3)

What is sensory to posterior leg and foot and motor to all muscles of back of thigh, leg, and foot?

Tibial (L4-S3)

What is sensory to anterior leg and dorsum of foot and motor to peroneals, tibialis anterior, and extension of toe?

Common peroneal aka fibular (L4-S2)

What is motor for the lateral compartment of leg?

Superficial peroneal aka fibular (L4-S2)

What is motor to anterior compartment of leg?

Deep peroneal (L4-S2)

What is motor to gluteus medius, minimus, and TFL?

Superior gluteal (L4-S1)

What is motor to gluteus maximus?

Inferior gluteal (L5-S2)

What is sensory to muscles of perineum and motor to external anal sphincter?

Pudendal (S2-L4)

What is the exit point for olfactory nerve?

Cribriform plate

What is the exit point for optic nerve?

Optic canal