Linguistics year 1 :)

ses

social economic status

RP

received pronunciation
-trad
-contemp

SSBE

southern standard bristish english

aphasia

inability to speak

dysphasia

speech difficulty resulting from brain injury

prepositional stranding

preposition with an object occurs somewhere other than immediately adjacent to its object; for example, at the end of a sentence. The preposition is then described as stranded, hanging, or dangling.

descriptive

looking at language and DESCRIBING whats happening to it

prescriptive

PRESCRIBING how ppl should speak
opinionated view

accent

prosody
phonetics
phonology

Prosody

the patterns of rhythm and sound used in poetry

dialect

morphology
lexis
syntax

Sociolinguistics

the study of language in society
examins relationship between social factprs and variation

variety

natural term to describe distinct form of langauge

place of articulation\=

where passive and active articulators meet

active articulator

organs that can move- tongue

how are sounds made\=

active and passve articulators wiht physio

passive articulator

organs that cannot move- palate

alveolar -t-d

alveolar\= passive articulator with apex as active articulator

labiodental- f-v

passive
active articulator- lower lip

vuvlar

passive
active- back of tongue

palatal

passive

bilabial-p-b-m

passive
active-bottom lip

postalveloar-sh

passive
active-apec tongue tip

velar-k-g

passive
active-back of tongue

labial velar-w

passive
active- lower lip+back of tongue\-- double articulation

double articulation

2 articulators working with a passive

glottal-?

passive
active- vocal folds and larynx\-- double articulation

noun

things

verb

action/process

affix

a prefix or suffix

open word class

allows new words to come into them easily
always adding new items
reusing existring words with new meaning
- nouns
-verbs
-adjective
-adverb

closed word classes

Dont allow new words to be added
small, fixed number of classes
remains unchanged
do not take new words quickly
-pronouns,
-conjunctions,
-prepositions
-determiners.

noun(open)

.abstract
concrete
proper
common
count
non count(mass)

concrete noun

tangible, physical- see,touch,smell,hear

abstract noun

cannot touch
dream, friendship,places

proper noun

name specific plces (have capital letters)
paris, lucy, cadbury

common noun

all other noun par proper, abstract,concrete

count noun

can count it- bottle

mass noun-

cannot count- water, air

lexical verb

open class

auxiliary verb

clased class
go with another verb
add time of occurance
-be,do have

coupla verb

links subject to its sentence to info about the subject- dog is tired

modal auxiliary verb

possibility
can could may might will would must

phrasal verb

added word making important changes to mean
signal different tenses
give (in) (up)

definite article

the

indefinite article

a,an

open word class

noun,verb,adjective,adverb

adjective

describes nouns and pronouns
before\=after noun
can be gradeable- smarter, smartest

'er' suffix

comparative- smarter

'est' suffix

superlative- smartest

adverb

describes verb(ly), adjective,adverb, whole sentence
time
manner
degree-very
gradeable- more,most

subjective gradience

words within a particular catagpry has some but not at all charateristics within that category

instructive gradience

words in 1 class have characteristics associated with other classes

affix

preffix and suffix

determiner

the,a

conjunction

and but because

preposition

on,in,under (positional)

Closed word classes

Preposition, determiner/article, interjection, pronoun, conjunction

pronoun

stands in place of a noun and noun phrase

singluar pronoun

i you she it me mine yours his

plural pronoun

we you they us them ours thiers

indefinte pronoun

refers to less specific
amaints- eg enough

neo-pronouns

ze, zer

determiners

indicates number ans specific noun
go before noun

article CWC

the a an

possessives CWC

my your thier

CWC demonstrative

this, that
that is also a pronoun- but works as CWC as works with present noun

CWC quantity

some, each,another

CWC wh-

whose,which

CWC numerals

one, two

conjunction types

coordinating and subordinating

ccordinating conjunction
closed

joins words/phrases/clauses which have an equal role in a sentence
FANBOYS
for and nor but or yet so

FANBOYS

for and nor but or yet so

Subordinating conjunction
closed

join dependent+main clause \= subordinate clause
because when after that

preposiiton
closed

expresses relationship between elements
people things places time
in above nect to after at an

denotation

a specific meaning of a word

synonym

same meaning

antonym

opposite meaning

meronym

part- whole relationship

hyponym

sub catagory

hypernym

main catagory

coordinates

other members of the same catagory

collocation

words often occuring together

polysemy

same form, related morning

homophone

same spoken form, different meaning

homograph

same written form, different meaning

morpheme

smallest unit of langauge
every word has atleast 1
ticket-1
de,struct,ing-3

free morpheme

can stand on thier own
ticket,boy,registrate,celebrate

bound morpheme

have to be attatched to a 'stem'
AKA affixes
plural S, past tense ed, de-

Affixes

bound morpheme
parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.

derivational morphemes

morphemes chnaging meaning ina a way
DE-construct
construct-ION

inflectional morphemes

morphemes signal grammatical functioning
construct-ING
construct-ED

forms of affixes

derivational and inflectional morphemes

the 8 inflectional morphemes

noun- S, possessive and p;ural
verbs- S, 3rd person
- ed, past tense
- ing, en, past principle
adjectives- er, comparative
est, superlative

allomorphs

morphemes with the same function have alternative phonetic forms

simple words

1 free morpheme

composite words

2 or more morphemes

composite made up of:

compound and complex

compound

2 or more morphemes
football, sunflower

complex

1 or more free morpheme + 1 or more affixes
dogs,bigger