History of Psychology, Ch. 7

Psychoanalysis

Taking a course in ____ cemented Freud’s resolve to pursue a career as a research scientist.

Darwinism

Neurologist who gave Freud a scholarship at Salpetriere Hospital in Paris and influenced his fixation on sexual/genital causes for neuroses.

Jean-Martin Charcot

Woman who was the subject of Freud’s most famous case study. She was treated by Josef Breuer for neurotic symptoms and hysteria following her father’s death. Used hypnosis and psychotherapy to relieve her symptoms via catharsis method. Led Freud to develop psychoanalysis theory.

Anna O. (True name: Bertha Pappenheim)

Symptoms were believed to be the result of pent-up emotions, and if the emotion was released, the symptoms would disappear.

Catharsis method

Three independent achievements of Freud that define psychoanalysis.

A method, a theory of neuroses, a theory of the normal mind

Construct of the mind that is present at birth and contains everything that is inherited, including life instincts and death instincts. Most primitive part of the mind, operates unconsciously. Seeks pleasure (libido), works to avoid pain.

Id

Construct of the mind tasked in self-preservation. Operates on the reality principle. Functions to control but not inhibit instincts. Mediates between id and external world. Develops shortly after birth.

Ego

Construct of the mind that represents the individual’s moral compass. May act in direct opposition of the id. Develops in childhood through experiences, parental teachings, cultural milieu, etc.

Superego

Form of anxiety that develops in the ego due to concerns about id demands.

Neurotic anxiety

Form of anxiety that develops in the ego due to violations of restriction imposed by the superego.

Moral anxiety

Form of anxiety that develops in the ego due to threats from the external world.

Objective anxiety

Methods the ego uses to cope with anxieties. Operate at the unconscious level.

Defense mechanisms

Defense mechanism that deals with anxiety from a traumatic event by repressing any memory of the event. Memory is no longer accessible in consciousness. Can create neuroses.

Repression

Defense mechanism that deals with anxiety by inventing new ways to think about disappointing/tragic events.

Rationalization

Defense mechanism that deals with anxiety by attributing one’s own negative qualities to others.

Projection

Freud’s described development of personality in infancy and childhood as an orderly sequence, in which each stage involved sexual issues to be dealt with appropriately.

Psychosexual development

Theory that children were seduced by adults into sexual encounters, explaining psychosexual development before Freud changed his mind on this.

Seduction theory

Psychosexual stage in which pleasure associates with sucking. Occurs in infancy.

Oral stage

Psychosexual stage in which pleasure is associated with expulsion of feces. Begins in second year of life.

Anal stage

Psychosexual stage in which pleasure is derived from the genitals, and masturbation may begin. Begins at age 4.

Phallic stage

Child has sexual desires for the opposite sex parents. Must be resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent and developing appropriate feelings for the opposite-sex parent. Failure to resolve it leads to serious neuroses.

Oedipal complex

Psychosexual stage in which no sexual desire occurs. Occurs in mid childhood.

Latent stage

Psychosexual stage in which sexual pleasure is derived from the genitals AFTER latent stage ends.

Genital stage

After Freud abandoned seduction theory in 1897, he argued that when patients recall sexual assaults, they were in truth reporting ____________.

Sexual fantasies as if they really occurred

Two profound effects of psychosexual theory on beliefs held by the field of psychology.

Emphasis on critical significance of infancy/childhood experiences on adult personality development, recognition that sexuality is normal part of human behavior

Freud asked patients to say whatever came to mind. Therapist had to look for hidden meanings in verbal material.

Free association

Freud asked patients to recall a dream in as much detail as possible while he asked questions, at times probing recall.

Dream analysis

The content of the dream that is actually recalled.

Manifest content

The hidden information or real meaning of the dream.

Latent content

Occurs when a patient refused to reveal or think about certain material in a therapy session, due to it being too traumatic/embarrassing. Aids repression.

Resistance

Occurs in therapy when the patient transfers feelings from the original object to the therapist. Requires great skill from the therapist to convince the patient that these feelings came from the past, not the present. Aids repression.

Transference

American university at which Freud gave 5 lectures on psychoanalysis and described the study of Anna O. Caused psychoanalysis to capture public attention.

Clark University

Psychoanalysis contended with American psychologists who were more interested in _____ and _____ than the unconscious.

Behaviors, consciousness

Disciples whom Freud cut ties with due to their belief that he overemphasized sexuality in his theory and offered differing interpretations of the life force.

Neo-Freudians

Neo-Freudian who saw libido as more of a life force than a principally sexual construct. Developed individual psychology which emphasized social-not biological- motives as primary determinants of behavior. Individuals sought superiority and to overcome inferiority complexes. Involved life styles and social interest.

Alfred Adler

A collection of qualities unique to a particular individual. Is responsible for self-consistency in attitudes/behaviors and unity of the personality. Develops in childhood, operates at unconscious level.

Life style

Motivation to contribute positively to the larger human community.

Social interest

Neo-Freudian who founded analytical psychology, which divided the unconscious into a personal and collective unconscious. Saw libido as generalized life energy, not just concerned with sexual pleasures. Derived concepts of extraversion/introversion.

Carl Jung

A racial ancestral memory in which the cumulative experiences of generations past were embedded deep in the psyche. Contains archetypes.

Collective unconscious

Inherited behavioral tendencies of a mystical nature that predisposed individuals to behave in certain ways. Most important one is the self.

Archetypes

Neo-Freudian who criticized Freud’s views of women and the castration complex. Argued for womb envy to explain why men adamantly denied opportunities to women. Emphasized social factors in life as principal determinants of anxiety.

Karen Horney