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What is consciousness?

Consciousness is awareness of internal and external stimuli such as thoughts

What is wakefulness?

Wakefulness is a state of high sensory awareness

What are biological rhythms?

Biological rhythms are internal cycles of biological activity such as temperature

What is a circadian rhythm?

A circadian rhythm is a 24-hour biological cycle that regulates processes like sleep and body temperature EXTRA: Controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) - AI: Your body clock that runs daily

What is the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?

The SCN is the brain’s clock in the hypothalamus that syncs circadian rhythms with light-dark cycles EXTRA: Receives light input from the retina - AI: The “timekeeper” in your brain

What is melatonin?

Melatonin is a hormone released by the pineal gland that promotes sleep EXTRA: Stimulated by darkness

What is sleep regulation?

Sleep regulation is the brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness and syncing with the environment EXTRA: Influenced by chronotype (individual sleep pattern) - AI: How your brain manages your sleep schedule

What is a chronotype?

A chronotype is a person’s individual pattern of circadian activity EXTRA: Explains why some are “morning” or “night” people - AI: Your personal sleep style

What is jet lag?

Jet lag is a mismatch between internal circadian cycles and the external environment EXTRA: Causes fatigue

What is rotating shift work?

Rotating shift work involves changing work times

What is sleep deprivation?

Sleep deprivation is chronic lack of sufficient sleep EXTRA: Impairs cognition

What is sleep debt?

Sleep debt is the result of insufficient sleep accumulated over time EXTRA: Leads to fatigue and poor performance - AI: “Owing” your body sleep

What is sleep rebound?

Sleep rebound is falling asleep faster after being sleep deprived EXTRA: The body recovers by entering sleep quickly - AI: Catching up on missed rest

What is sleep?

Sleep is a state of low physical activity and reduced awareness controlled by brain areas like thalamus

What are adaptive theories of sleep?

Adaptive theories suggest sleep evolved to restore resources and avoid danger EXTRA: Few studies fully support these ideas - AI: We sleep to stay safe and save energy

What are cognitive theories of sleep?

Cognitive theories emphasize sleep’s role in memory and learning EXTRA: Slow-wave sleep is key for memory formation - AI: Sleep helps store and organize memories

What are benefits of sleep?

Sleep improves weight control

What are brain waves?

Brain waves are patterns of neural activity measured by EEG during sleep EXTRA: Vary in frequency and amplitude - AI: Electrical rhythms showing sleep stages

What are alpha waves?

Alpha waves are low-frequency

What are theta waves?

Theta waves are low-frequency

What are delta waves?

Delta waves are low-frequency

What are sleep spindles?

Sleep spindles are bursts of high-frequency brain activity in stage 2 sleep EXTRA: Involved in memory consolidation - AI: Quick brain “spikes” for memory

What are K-complexes?

K-complexes are high-amplitude brain patterns in stage 2 sleep EXTRA: May suppress arousal and aid memory - AI: Big brain waves that block noise

What happens in stage 1 sleep?

Stage 1 is a light transitional sleep with slowed heart rate and muscle relaxation EXTRA: Alpha waves present - AI: Drowsy drifting-off stage

What happens in stage 2 sleep?

Stage 2 involves deeper relaxation

What happens in stages 3 and 4 sleep?

Stages 3 and 4 are slow-wave sleep with delta waves EXTRA: Deepest

What happens in REM sleep?

REM involves rapid eye movement

What is a hypnogram?

A hypnogram is a chart showing sleep stage progression over time EXTRA: Shows cycles repeating every 90 minutes - AI: Graph of your night’s sleep pattern

What did Freud believe about dreams?

Freud saw dreams as access to the unconscious with manifest (literal) and latent (hidden) content EXTRA: Dream symbols reveal desires - AI: Dreams hide your inner wishes

What did Jung believe about dreams?

Jung said dreams reflect the collective unconscious with universal archetypes EXTRA: Shared across all cultures - AI: Dreams show symbols common to all humans

What is lucid dreaming?

Lucid dreaming is when awareness of dreaming occurs during the dream EXTRA: Some control is possible - AI: Knowing you’re dreaming inside the dream