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What is ionization energy?
The energy required to remove one electron from an atom.
What principle allows us to understand that no two electrons in an atom have the same set of quantum numbers?
Pauli Exclusion Principle.
What is screening in the context of electron energies?
The partial cancellation of electron-proton attraction due to electron-electron repulsion.
How does atomic radius generally change across a period and down a group in the periodic table?
Atomic size decreases from left to right and increases from top to bottom.
What is the Aufbau principle?
Electrons are placed into atomic orbitals beginning with the lowest-energy orbitals.
What is the definition of valence electrons?
Electrons that are spatially and energetically accessible, which determine the chemical properties of an atom.
Describe how ionization energy trends in the periodic table.
Ionization energy increases going up and across to the right of the periodic table.
Which orbitals are filled first according to the Aufbau principle?
Lowest energy orbitals are filled first before higher energy orbitals.
What is the formula for lattice energy?
The energy released when an ionic solid decomposes into gaseous ions.
What distinguishes between valence electrons and core electrons?
Valence electrons participate in chemical reactions, while core electrons do not.
Which elements deviate from the expected electron configurations based on the Aufbau principle?
Chromium (Cr) and Copper (Cu).
What is periodicity in relation to the periodic table?
Periodic patterns that provide information about electron arrangements in atoms.
What effect does increased nuclear charge have on ionization energy?
Increased nuclear charge generally leads to increased ionization energy.
What is electron affinity?
The energy change when an electron is added to an atom.
How do the atomic sizes of cations and anions compare to their neutral atoms?
Cations are smaller, and anions are larger than their corresponding neutral atoms.
