Honors Bio Final

Which of the following would be Griffith’s responding variable?

Mice lived or died

Who were the scientists in the 1950’s that used radioactive isotopes to provide evidence that DNA carried genetic material?

Hershey and Chase

In the experiment from question #2, radioactive __________ was used to label the ___________ in the virus.

Sulfur, Proteins

In the experiment from question #2, a __________ virus was used to infect ecoli, a type of bacteria.

T2 Bacteriophage

Chargaff’s rules for DNA base pairing are

A bonds to T and C bonds to G

What is DNA?

DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid, it is a double stranded helix, it is an antiparallel molecule

What is the chemical formula for the Deoxyribose in DNA?

C5H10O4

The two strands of DNA are held together by ____________ bonds between the nitrogenous bases

Hydrogen

Who used Mice in their experiment?

Avery and Griffith

Who used bacteria in their experiment?

Avery and Griffith

Who wanted to find the transforming factor from the previous experiment?

Avery

Who used enzymes to destroy macromolecules in his experiment?

Avery

Who did his experiment in the 1920’s

Griffith

Who did his experiment in the 1940’s

Avery

Who used a Bacteriophage to insert DNA into bacteria?

Hershey and Chase

Who’s conclusion was it that something in the boiled smooth transformed the living rough into living smooth?

Griffith

Who added DNAase to his experiment to show that DNA was the transforming factor?

Avery

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

No one

How many carbons does a deoxyribose have?

5

What shape does a deoxyribose make?

Pentagon

How many rows of hydrogen bonds between the bases C and G?

3

How many rows of hydrogen bonds between the bases A and T?

2

During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made from each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be

GGATCGA

DNA Polymerase works only in

3’ to 5’ direction

Who were the scientists that studied the replication of DNA using Nitrogen isotopes?

Meselson and Stahl

Which radioactive isotope did the scientists from question #3 use to find out how DNA was replicated?

Nitrogen

DNA replication is considered a ___________ process because each new DNA molecule consists of one strand of old DNA and one strand of new DNA

Semiconservative

During DNA replication, the __________ strand is made continuously

leading

During DNA replication, the _________ strand is made in pieces called Okazaki fragments

lagging

During DNA replication, __________ are added to keep the strands from reattaching

Single stranded binding proteins

What cuts the hydrogen bonds between base pairs?

Helicase

What relieves the strain of overwinding ahead of the replication forks?

Topoisomerase

What adds RNA primers to the new strands?

Primase

What glues together the Okazaki fragments?

ligase

What unwinds the double helix?

Helicase

What checks for errors in newly formed strands and fixes them?

DNA Polymerase III

What adds most of complimentary base pairs to the parent strands by reading the parent strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction?

DNA Polymerase III

What replaces the RNA primers with the correct bases?

DNA polymerase I

What adds RNA primers to the template strand?

Primase

Which scientist produced photo 51 that showed the structure of DNA and was not given credit for their contribution to the discovery of DNA’s structure?

Franklin

Which scientist found that in a sample of DNA there is always the same amount of A and T, as well as, C and G

Chargaff

Who used radioactive nitrogen to show that DNA replication is a semiconservative process?

Meselson and Stahl

Who repeated an earlier experiment, using enzymes, to show that DNA was the transforming factor that caused the living rough bacteria to turn into living smooth bacteria

Avery

Who was credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA

Watson and Crick

Who used isotopes to show that a virus injected DNA into a bacterium to infect it?

Hershey and Chase

Who did the original experiment into the 1920’s and concluded that a transforming factor caused the living rough bacteria to turn into the living smooth

Griffith

How many strands does DNA have?

2

How many strands does RNA have?

1

What is the sugar for DNA?

Deoxyribose

What is the sugar for RNA?

Ribose

What are the full names for the bases used in DNA?

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine

What are the full names for the bases used in RNA?

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil

Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of

Nucleotides

Which of the following is not a part of a molecule of DNA?

Ribose

The entire molecule with a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group is called a

nucleotide

Purines and pyrimidines are

classification groups of nitrogen bases

The amount of guanine in an organism always equals the amount of

cytosine

During DNA replication, a complementary strand of DNA is made from each original DNA strand. Thus, if a portion of the original strand is CCTAGCT, then the new strand will be

GGATCGA

RNA differs from DNA in that RNA

contains the nitrogen base uracil

In RNA molecules, adenine is complementary to

uracil

What is not a type of RNA?

Carrier RNA

Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a

codon

At the very beginning of translation, the first tRNA molecule

binds to the mRNA’s start codon

Transfer RNA

carries an amino acid to its correct codon and has an anticodon on the bottom

What is the chemical formula for the sugar in DNA?

C5H10O4

What are the nucleotides found in RNA?

Uracil and Cytosine

DNA stands for

Deoxyribonucleic acid

At the very beginning of translation, the start codon

Is in the reading window of the ribosome

What enzyme is used in transcription

RNA Polymerase

The anticodon on tRNA that is complimentary to the start codon is

UAC

The process of making mRNA from DNA is called

transcription

The process of making proteins from mRNA is called

translation

What does is mean when we say that the genetic code is redundant?

There can be many codons for the same amino acid

How do purines and pyrimidines differ?

The pyrimidines are single rings and the purines are double rings

In mRNA synthesis ————— are removed from the immature molecule and ————— are spliced together. The mature molecules then leaves the —————-

Introns, exons, nucleus

Charles Darwin was from

England

Charles Darwin sailed on a ship called

HMS Beagle

Charles Darwin went on his voyage from

1831-1836

Darwin was supposed to become a ——————— when he returned from his trip

Minister

A ——————- is a type of scientist that makes conclusions based on their observation and not on experimentation

Naturalist

Darwin collected many types of birds on his voyage. These birds were found to be all descendants of the

common ground finch

Darwin found the remnants of ————— at the top of the —————- mountains

Marine floor shells, Andes

In the south pacific Darwin saw evidence for a changing earth when he witnessed

A volcano and an earthquake

Darwin theorized that different finches adapted to the Galapagos islands because there were

Different food sources

Which of the following was not a major mission for the ship Darwin traveled on?

To survey the coast of North America and so darwin could collect evidence for his book

A ——————— is a person who believes in a literal interpretation of the bible and whose views conflicted with those of Darwin

Creationist

For what reason did the Praying Mantis in the movie had evolve to look more like a leaf?

To be more camouflaged from predators

Darwin did not publish his book until 1859 because he

was concerned that people would hurt him and his family

When he returned from his trip, Darwins brother Erasmus told him that his father would support him with 400 per month for what purpose?

To write a book about his travels

Darwin blamed the death of his daughter on that fact that

the children of first cousin marriages were weaker

Who said that to how the earth formed you must do it in ways we can observe today?

Lyell

Who was a creationist and anatomist who showed Darwin that his fossils were from an extinct creature?

Owen

Who said publish your book or I will publish mine

Wallace

Who was the captain of the ship that Darwin traveled on?

Robert Fitzroy

Who said that the Earth is millions of years old?

Lyell

Who said that struggle for existence was due to limited resources and space?

Malthus

Who was an english economist?

Malthus

Who was a geologist?

Lyell

Who showed Darwin a chimpanzee that helped him to understand that many species have common hand structures?

Owen

Who wrote the book on the origin of species?

Charles Darwin