Bachelor Psychology Year 1 Exam Review

These flashcards cover key concepts from the Bachelor Psychology Year 1 lecture notes, focusing on memory systems, experimental design, replication studies, and academic writing.

What is the primacy effect?

The primacy effect means that people remember the first words in a list better because they have a greater chance of repeating them and thus storing them in long-term memory (LTM).

What is the recency effect?

The recency effect means that the last words are remembered better because they are still present in short-term memory (STM).

What shape does the serial position curve take?

The serial position curve takes on a U-shape, showing good recall of the beginning and end of a list, but poorer recall of the middle.

What memory system corresponds to the primacy effect?

Long-term memory (LTM) corresponds to the primacy effect.

What memory system corresponds to the recency effect?

Short-term memory (STM) corresponds to the recency effect.

What are the two conditions for the recall task?

Immediate recall and delayed recall.

What effect does a filler task have on recall?

The filler task decreases recency, while primacy remains the same.

What significance does the study have in light of the replication crisis?

It provides important results that emphasize the reliability of memory effects despite variations in design.

What are the independent variables in the study?

Immediate recall (no filler task) and delayed recall (with filler task).

How many levels does the research consist of?

2 levels for the condition (immediate/delayed) and 15 levels for the recalled words.

What are the dependent variables?

The number of correctly recalled words per serial position.

What does objectivity in academic writing mean?

Objectivity means writing neutrally and factually, without personal opinions or emotions.

What is formal style in academic writing?

Formal style involves using polished language, avoiding colloquialisms, and not including vague or subjective expressions.

How do the graphs compare immediate and delayed recall?

The U-shaped curve pattern for immediate recall shows higher recall rates, while the delayed recall line declines and the recency effect disappears.

What is sensory memory?

Sensory memory holds information very briefly and important information is passed on to short-term memory (STM).

What is the filler task in the delayed recall condition?

The filler task involves counting back a certain number of seconds, occupying working memory and preventing retention of the words.

Why calculate the p-value for differences seen in a bar chart?

The p-value determines whether the observed difference is statistically significant, beyond visual representation.

Is the p-value in graph 11-15 higher or lower than 0.05?

The p-value in graph 11-15 is 0.001, which is lower than 0.05 and is significant.

Is the p-value in graph 1–5 higher or lower than 0.05?

The p-value in graph 1–5 is 0.86, which is higher than 0.05, indicating it is not significant.

How do you look up a source in the VU library?

Search by title, author, or ISBN/DOI in VUcat, filter by type and availability, or note down the location of the book.

Do results correspond with predictions?

Yes, the results matched predictions for both primacy and recency effects in varied conditions.

What is the significant result in the table?

Serial positions 11–15: t(40) = 3.84, p = 0.001.

What independent variable has a main effect?

Serial position has a main effect because recall performance depends on the position of the word in the list.

What kind of article presents new work?

A theoretical article presents new work rather than summarizing existing experiments.

What is a criticism of showing a replication graph?

The line may suggest a continuous relationship between discrete data points that do not exist.

What are two differences between our study and Glanzer & Cunitz's study?

Our research used a between-subjects design with one trial per participant, while theirs used a within-subjects design with multiple trials.

What is the structure of a research report?

The structure typically includes an abstract, introduction, methods, results, and discussion sections.

What kind of replication was done in this study?

A conceptual replication was conducted to test the same theoretical effect with a different population.

What is the difference between narrative and parenthetical citations?

Narrative citation includes the author's name in the text, while parenthetical citation has the author and year in parentheses at the end.

What does it mean if data is robust?

Robust data indicates that results are reliable, stable, and reproducible.

Why is the method a good method?

The method is strong due to a large sample size, random assignment, and a standardized procedure.

How can you see we replicated well?

The graphs show the same U-shaped curve and primacy effect as in Glanzer & Cunitz's study.

What does 'free' mean in free recall?

'Free' means participants can recall words in any order they want.

How does the modal model explain primacy and recency?

Primacy involves rehearsal transferring words to LTM, while recency is due to words still being in STM.

What if the word 'love' appears in an immediate recall task?

Participants would remember it better because it is emotionally striking, leading to high recall percentages.

Is it allowed to mention sources not in the reference list?

No, all sources mentioned must appear in the reference list.

How do you cite two sources from the same author in APA format?

Cite as (Author, Year; Author, Year) in the text.

What does successful replication indicate?

It suggests that core effects are generalizable across different methodologies.

What kind of replication did our research use?

Our research is a conceptual replication with small changes in design and participants.

What is a mixed factorial design?

A mixed factorial design includes both within-subjects and between-subjects factors.

Where does the recency effect occur in the modal model?

The recency effect occurs in short-term memory.

Where can participant numbers be found in the research report?

Participant numbers are located in the Participants/subjects section of the Methods.

How does information move from STM to LTM?

Through meaningful rehearsal or deep processing.

What is the main effect vs. condition effect in a graph?

A main effect exists when averages differ across conditions, regardless of other factors.

What does a serial position curve look like?

A U-shaped curve with high recall for primacy and recency, and lower recall in the middle.

What is the purpose of a conclusion in the discussion section?

To indicate if the original results were confirmed and their implications for the theory.

Explain the structure of a 2x15 mixed factorial design.

It consists of 2 levels for immediate/delayed recall and 15 levels for the positions of words.

Why wasn't counterbalancing used for the condition?

Counterbalancing is not necessary in a between-subjects design to prevent order effects.

What is the difference between within- and between-subjects design?

Within-subject design involves participants undergoing all conditions, while between-subjects design has participants undergoing only one condition.

How should sources by the same author be ordered in a reference list?

Order sources by year of publication (oldest first), and alphabetically if from the same year.

Is Glanzer and Cunitz's model falsifiable?

Yes, it is falsifiable because it makes predictions that can be empirically tested.

What does the free recall task involve?

Participants recall as many words as they can after a list is shown.

Why is the introduction elegant?

It has a logical structure that connects theory to research questions and highlights the study's relevance.

Can Glanzer and Cunitz's predictions be contradicted?

Yes, if evidence shows no difference in recall based on primacy or recency, their predictions could be falsified.

Why is replication important?

Replication strengthens the reliability and generalizability of research results.

Where do you report the percentage of participants who completed a task?

In the Results section.

Where are conclusions about the experiment written?

In the Discussion section.

Is a strong primacy effect evidence against Glanzer and Cunitz's results?

No, it supports their findings and might occur from better memorization by students.

How many trials were conducted in the experiment?

There were 2 trials: one practice and one actual trial.

What makes our experiment a mixed factorial design?

It includes a between-subjects factor (immediate vs delayed recall) and a within-subjects factor (the 15 recalled words).

Give an example of an inferential statistic in the experiment.

An example is the t-test used to compare differences between groups.

What sources were used in our research?

Primary scientific articles by Atkinson & Shiffrin, and Glanzer & Cunitz.

Where is the aim of the research in the article?

Stated in the Introduction, often near the end.

Where to find if the hypothesis was supported?

In the Discussion section, where results and their implications are discussed.

Was there selective modification in the research?

No selective modification occurred; adjustments were made without changing the original theory.

Explain the hourglass structure of a report?

Broad introduction, narrow method/results, broad discussion connecting results to theory.

What was the dependent variable in the study?

The number of correctly remembered words per serial position.

How were word orders assigned in the study?

They were randomly assigned so that each word appeared equally across different positions.

Give an example of an inferential statistic in our experiment?

A t-test was conducted with a reported p-value.