Lifespan Development Chapters 7-10

Childhood Obesity

Having a BMI above the 95th percentile

Asthma

a chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation narrows the airways from the nose and mouth to the lungs

Concrete Operational Thought

Piaget’s term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions

Classification

the logical principle that thins can be organized into groups according to characteristics

Seriation

The concept that things can be arranged in a logical series

Working memory

Memory that is active at any given moment

Knowledge Base

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area

English Language Learners

Children in the US whose proficiency in English is low

Immersion

a strategy in which instruction in all school subjects occurs in the second language that a child is learning

Bilingual education

a strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the learner’s original language and the second language

English as a Second Language (ESL)

US approach to teaching English that gathers all of the non-English speakers together

Neurodiversity

Idea that each person has neurological strengths and weaknesses that should be appreciated

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A condition characterized by persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactive or impulse behaviors

Specific learning disorder

A marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, or intellectual disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment

Dyslexia

Unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of neurological underdevelopment

Dyscalculia

Unusual difficulty with math; probably originating from a distinct part of the brain

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

A developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction

Family sturcture

The legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home

Standard North American Family

A family with a mother and a father and their biological children

Extended Family

A family of relatives in addition to the nuclear family, usually three or more generations living in one household

Puberty

The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development. Usually last 3-5 years

Menarche

A girl’s first menstrual period. Pregnancy is now biologically possible

Spermarche

A boy’s first ejaculation of sperm

Pituitary

A gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones

Adrenal glands

two glands located above the kidneys, respond to the pituitary, producing hormones

HPG (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis

a sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary and then the gonads

Gonads

The paired sex glands. They produce hormones and mature gametes

HPA (Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis

a sequence of hormone production originating in the hypothalamus and moving to the pituitary then the adrenal glands

circadian rhythm

A day-night cycle of biological activity that occurs approx. every 24 hours

Growth spurt

the relatively sudden and rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty

body image

a person’s idea of how their body looks

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by starvation

Bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging

Binge eating disorder

Frequent episodes of uncontrollable eating

Primary sex characteristics

The parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but may indicate sexual maturity

Child sexual abuse

Any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child

Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI)

A disease spread by sexual contact

Adolescent Egocentrism

A characteristic of adolescent thinking that leads young people to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others

Imaginary Audience

The other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching

Personal fable

An aspect of adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent’s belief that they are more unique and wonderful than anyone else

Invincibility Fable

An adolescent’s idea that they cannot be overcome or harmed by anything that might be dangerous

Formal operational thought

Piaget’s fourth and final stage, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and the ability to understand abstract concepts

Hypothetical thought

reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality

deductive reasoning

reasoning from a general statement to figure out specifics

inductive reasoning

reasoning from one or more specifics to reach a general conclusion

Dual processing

the notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional processing of stimuli and one for analytical reasoning

intuitive thought

thought that arises from an emotion or hunch

analytical thought

thought that results from analysis

Identity vs Role confusion

Erikson’s fifth stage of development

Identity achievement

Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity

Role confusion

When adolescents have no clear identity

Foreclosure

Erikson’s term for premature identity formation, when adolescents adopt roles without analysis

Gender identity

A person’s acceptance of the roles and behaviors that society associates with a particular gender

Parental monitoring

Parent’s ongoing knowledge of what their child is doing

Familism

The belief that family members should support one another, sacrificing individual freedom and success in order to preserve family unity

peer pressure

encouragement to conform to friends or contemporaries

Coercive joining

when others strongly encourage someone to join in their activity

Sexual orientation

a person’s romantic or sexual attraction

Cyberbullying

when people try to harm others via electronic means

Sexting

Sending sexual messages or photographs

Major depressive disorder

feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last two or more weeks

Suicidal ideation

serious thinking about suicide

parasuicide

any potentially deadly self-harm that does not result in death

Cluster suicides

Several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief period of time

Middle Childhood

The period between early childhood and adolescence, approx. ages 6-11

Common Causes of Death in Middle Childhood

Drowning, car accidents, firearms

Metacognition

thinking about thinking, or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task in order to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one’s performance on that

Industry vs. Inferiority

continual need to be advancing in arenas. Within the mastery of chosen skills, they find them selves to be competent or incompetent.

G factor intelligence

general and global intelligence; the idea that some people are lower or higher on IQ

Alfred Binet

Developed the average intelligence for each age after being hired by French government to determine which kids should go to school

IQ

Intelligence quotient; mental age/actual age

Perfect normal IQ score

100

Aptitude

the potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain body of knowledge

IQ test

a test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or measure ability to learn in school

Flynn effect

People are getting smarted all the time, so the IQ scale has to be readjusted

Range of reaction

range of IQ possible for a child based on their parents’ IQ

Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory

There are 8 different intelligences that someone can succeed in: intrapersonal, naturalist, linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal

Andrew Wakefield

Published study that MMR vaccine caused Autism, lost credentials

Family process/function

the way a family works to meet the needs of its members (respect)

5 needs of a child from their family

Material necessities, learning, self-respect, peer relationships, harmony and stability

Hormone

An organic chemical substance; produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another to affect some physiological function

Fluctuation of hormones

Approximately around age 8-9

Estradiol

sex hormone, considered the chief estrogen

Testoterone

sex hormone, the best known androgen

Genes and gender

2/3 of variation in age of puberty is genetic

Body fat

most girls reach at least 100 pounds before they can experience their first period

Stress

The link between stress and puberty is known, but not agreed that stress causes early puberty

Amenorrhea

stopping of a period that you once had

Visible onset of puberty

age 11-12

precocious puberty

sexual development before the age of 8

Lina Medina

Gave birth at age 5, after beginning menstrual cycles at age 2

Leptin

hormone that affects appetite and is believed to be involved in the onset of puberty

Early maturing girls

more at risk, treated like they are older

Early maturing boys

Positive psychology, but still at risk

Logic shut down

when emotions are intense, the logic part of the brain shuts down

Amygdala

controls emotions, threats, aggression and is developed by age 13

Prefrontal cortex

Controls reasoning and logic; developed in early 20s

James Marcia

Inspired by Erikson, developed 4 identity achievement arenas

Identity achievement arenas

Achieved, foreclosed, moratorium, diffused