Microbiology Final

Chapter 21 & 22 for final

Anatomical features of the upper respiratory tract:

Anatomical features of the upper respiratory tract:

• Frontal, sphenoid sinuses

• Tonsils

• Nasal/oral cavities

• Pharynx

• Epiglottis

• Larynx

Anatomical features of the lower respiratory tract:

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Bronchioles

• Alveoli

List the natural 1st line defenses present in respiratory tract:

Nasal hair- traps particles

Cilia of epithelium in the trachea and bronchi (ciliary escalator)- push particles. Up and out of lungs

Mucus- traps invading microbes.

Coughing, sneezing, swallowing- moves trapped microbes out of the lungs.

List the natural 2nd and 3rd line defenses present in the respiratory tract:

Complement in the lungs- helps destroy microbe cell membranes.

Antimicrobial peptides- destroy microbial membranes.

Macrophages- phagocytose microbes in the alveoli and tonsils.

IgA antibody- secreted at this mucosal layer, provided immunity to pathogens seen before.

List the main genera of normal biota presently known to occupy the respiratory tract:

Prevotella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, & Pseudomonas

Is the lower respiratory tract sterile? (true or false)

False

Organisms considered “normal biota” in the respiratory tract can cause serious disease (true or false)

True

Normal biota performs the important role of _______ _______ in the upper respiratory tract.

Microbial Antagonism

There is an effective vaccine available for the common cold. (true or false)

False

Sinusitis & pharyngitis can both be sequelae of the common cold. (true or false)

True

List and describe three sequelae of streptococcal pharyngitis.

1. Scarlet Fever- caused by stains producing Erythrogenic toxin.

2. Rheumatic Fever- damage to heart valves due to cross reactivity of antibodies to the M protein.

3. Glomerulonephritis- antigen-antibody complexes caught in the kidneys resulting in damage.

There is an effective vaccine available for diphtheria. (true or false)

True

The vaccine against pertussis provides lifelong protection. (true or false)

False

The vaccine against influenza provides lifelong protection. (true or false)

False

Antigenic Drift

refers to minor changes in viral antigens.

Antigenic Shift

the result of gene swapping between different strains of the virus.

Describe the symptoms appearing in the first stage of whooping cough:

Catarrhal Stage:

• runny nose

• low-grade fever

• mild, occasional cough

Describe the symptoms appearing in the second stage of whooping cough:

Paroxysmal Stage:

• fits of numerous, rapid coughs followed by “whoop” sound

• vomiting and exhaustion after coughing fits

Describe the symptoms appearing in the third stage of whooping cough:

Convalescent:

• coughing lessens but fits of coughing may return

What is the reason for the increase in pertussis cases over the past three decades?

Vaccines not lasting long enough

1/3 of the world’s population is infected with TB. (true or false)

True

Describe what individuals did to achieve the physical appearance of having tuberculosis (beauty standard):

Pale skin- bleaching arsenic powders.

Very thin (lack of appetite)- corseting and voluminous skirts.

“Sparkling” dilated eyes (prolonged mydriasis)- nightshade eye drops to dilate pupils.

Rosy cheeks/rosy lips (low-grade fever)- dyes/makeup

In ________ tuberculosis, the lymph nodes, kidneys, long bones, and other organs can become involved.

Extrapulmonary

What 8 sections does food travel through (starting at the mouth)?

1. mouth

2. pharynx

3. esophagus

4. stomach

5. small intestine

6. large intestine

7. rectum

8. anus

Define peristalsis:

movement that keeps microbes moving through system.

Define the function of rugae:

allow for expansion of the stomach after consumption of foods and liquids.

What (and where) are the three parts of the small intestine?

1. duodenum (begins at the exit of the stomach)

2. jejunum (middle section)

3. ileum (connects into the large intestine)

What are the five parts of the large intestine?

1. cecum (with appendix)

2. ascending colon

3. transverse colon

4. descending colon

5. sigmoid colon

List and describe the defenses present in the gastrointestinal tract:

• secreted IgA antibody found on most intestinal surfaces

• peristalsis movement keeps microbes moving through system

• saliva, stomach acid, and bile are all antimicrobial

• GALT interactions leads to immune defense

Describe the microbiota found in the mouth:

• over 600 different species in the oral cavity alone

• some of these species live together in a type of biofilm known as dental plaque. (Dental cleanings prevent these bacteria from prematurely decaying tooth enamel.)

Describe the microbiota found in the esophagus/stomach:

• although hostile to microbes, they harbor nearly 200 different species. most common species belongs to Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Clostridium, and Bacillus genera.

Describe the microbiota found in the accessory organs:

• are currently considered to be free of resident microorganisms.

Describe the microbiota found in the large intestine:

• billions of microorganisms present. it appears individuals have distinct gut microbiota profiles.

Summarize the known functions of the GI microbiota:

• Protective function

• Teach immune system to react properly to microbial antigens

• Aid digestion and provide nutrients

• A diverse gut microbiome is associated with health

List three seemingly noninfectious disorders that can potentially be caused (at least in part) by gut microbe imbalances:

1. Crohn’s disease

2. Inflammatory bowel disease

3. Various mental conditions

What are the four accessory organs of the digestive tract?

1. salivary glands

2. liver

3. gallbladder

4. pancreas

What acute agent is linked to GBS?

Campylobacter jejuni

What is the acute agent linked to HUS?

E. coli bacterium, O157:H7

What is the causative agent for Tuberculosis?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

How do you prevent Tuberculosis?

Immunization and avoidance of disease transmission.

Signs/symptoms of Tuberculosis:

• pale skin

• very thin

• dilated eyes

• rosy cheeks/lips (low-grade fever)

What is the mode of transmission for Tuberculosis?

fine droplets of respiratory mucus in air

What is the causative agent for Perussis (whooping cough)?

Bordetella pertussis

What is the causative agent for COVID-19?

SARS-CoV-2

What is the causative agent for Influenza?

Influenza viruses

How do you prevent Perussis (whooping cough)?

Immunization

How do you prevent COVID-19?

Immunization, keeping distance from infected individuals.

Signs/symptoms of Perussis (whooping cough):

• cold-like symptoms

• whooping cough

Signs/symptoms of COVID-19:

• cold-like symptoms

• neurological, cardiac, GI, and clotting issues

Signs/symptoms of Influenza:

• headache

• chills

• dry cough

• body aches

• fever

What is the mode of transmission for Perussis (whooping cough)?

droplet contact

What is the mode of transmission for COVID-19?

droplet contact

What is the mode of transmission for Influenza?

droplet contact