CH 8: Communication for Academic Purposes

Alison Kirk

Who explains that academic integrity is the moral code or ethical policy of academia?

Academic Integrity

The moral code or ethical policy of academia

Includes values such as avoidance of cheating or plagiarism; maintenance of academic standards; honesty and rigor in research and academic publishing.

Academic Dishonesty

Any type of cheating that occurs in relation to a formal academic exercise

1. Plagiarism

2. Fabrication

3. Cheating

4. Sabotage

4 Forms of Academic Dishonesty

Plagiarism

One of the forms of academic dishonesty

The adoption or reproduction of ideas or words or statements of another person without due acknowledgment.

Fabrication

One of the forms of academic dishonesty

The falsification of data, information, or citations in any formal academic exercise.

Cheating

One of the forms of academic dishonesty

Any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise (like an examination) without due acknowledgment.

Sabotage

One of the forms of academic dishonesty

Acting to prevent others from completing their work. This includes cutting pages out of library books or disrupting the experiments of others.

Intellectual Property (IP)

Creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images used in commerce.

1. Copyright

2. Patents

3. Trademarks

4. Industrial Designs

4 Types of Intellectual Property

Copyright

One of the types of Intellectual Property

Describe the rights that creators have over their literary and artistic works.

Author’s Right

What is copy right also known as?

Patents

One of the types of Intellectual Property

An exclusive right granted for an invention, which is a product or a process that provides a new way of doing something, or offers a new technical solution to a problem

Trademarks

One of the types of Intellectual Property

A sign capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one enterprise from those of other enterprises

Protected by intellectual property rights.

Industrial Designs

One of the types of Intellectual Property

Constitutes the ornamental or aesthetic aspect of an article.

May consist of 3D features, such as the shape of an article, or two dimensional features, such as patterns, lines or color.

Aristotle (The Art of Rhetoric, 350 BCE)

Quoted “A good style must first be clear.”

Writing

Is a privilege; takes one to wonder how much depth and breadth can be felt with words drenched in ink and print.

One's skill in this transcends many forms of discipline

Signals for completeness of thought and purpose that irons out concerns of humanity.

Wernher von Braun

Quoted “Research is what I'm doing when I don't know what I’m doing.”

Research

Process of scientific thinking that leads to the discovery or establishment of new knowledge or truth.

Continuous discovery and exploration of the unknown, it entails an investigation of facts new to you, leading to the discovery of new ideas, new methods, or new improvements.

Born of problems and of man’s determination to solve problems, and that the understandings, which result when integrated into a descriptive, explanatory, and prescriptive system of concepts constitute science.

Malolos

Who defined research as the process of scientific thinking that leads to the discovery or establishment of new knowledge or truth?

Good & Scates

Who defined research as “continuous discovery and exploration of the unknown, it entails an investigation of facts new to you, leading to the discovery of new ideas, new methods, or new improvements”?

Rationale

One of the requirements in writing a research project

A written statement of the reasons and justifications why a research is conducted.

Specifically designed to inform a specific reader on the impact of the whole study

• Striking statement or a general knowledge about the topic

• What has been done before and how the study differs

• Statistics or prevailing situation

• Researcher's competency

• No lifting of statements from references except for the first paragraph

What are 5 things mentioned in a rationale?

Research Methodology

The systematic process of collecting information and data for the purpose of investigating and analyzing a phenomenon, condition or a problem hence provide solutions and suggest improvement when necessary

1. Respondents or Participants

2. Sources of Data

3. Locale of the Study

4. Data Gathering

5. Treatment of Data

Research Methodology is a logical procedure that involves what 5 components?

Respondents

One of the components of Research Methodology

Those who will be answering survey questionnaires

Participants

One of the components of Research Methodology

Those who will be observed, audio/video recorded or subjected to certain stimulus/ treatment, answer research interviews and participate in focus group discussion

Sources of Data

One of the components of Research Methodology

Documents for analysis

Locale of the Study

One of the components of Research Methodology

Where the study is conducted

Data Gathering

One of the components of Research Methodology

The manner as to how the data wil be exactly collected (ex. conduct of an interview, focused group discussions, etc.)

Treatment of Data

One of the components of Research Methodology

Transcribing, tallying/tabulating, coding, interpreting and analyzing of data

Qualitative & Quantitative Research

2 types of research methodologies

Qualitative Research

One of the types of research methodologies

Used to understand and interpret social interactions

Smaller & not randomly selected

Study of the whole, not variables. Words, images, or objects

Subjectivity is expected

True

True or False: Subjectivity is expected in Qualitative Research.

Exploratory/Bottom-Up

What is the scientific method of qualitative research in which the researcher generates a new hypothesis and theory from the data collected?

Quantitative Research

One of the types of research methodologies

Used to test hypotheses, look at cause and effect and make predictions

Has larger and randomly selected group

Specific variables studied (Numbers and statistics)

Double Blind Studies

Component of Quantitative Research in which the researcher and their biases are not known to the participants in the study and participant characteristics are deliberately hidden from the researcher.

Confirmatory/Top-Down

What is the scientific method of quantitative research in which the researcher tests the hypothesis and theory with the data?

False (Quantitative research expects objectivity.)

True or False: Quantitative research expects subjectivity.

Probability & Nonprobability

2 Ways Sampling Methods are Classified

Probability Sampling

One of the ways sampling methods are classified as

Each member of the population has a known non-zero probability of being selected.

Include random sampling, systematic sampling, and stratified sampling.

Random Sampling, Systematic Sampling, Stratified Sampling

Examples of probability sampling

Nonprobability Sampling

One of the ways sampling methods are classified as

Members are selected from the population in some nonrandom manner

Include convenience sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and snowball sampling

Convenience Sampling, Judgment Sampling, Quota Sampling, Snowball Sampling

Examples of Nonprobability Sampling

Sampling Error

The advantage of probability sampling is that ___ ___ can be calculated.

Sampling Error

The degree to which a sample might differ from the population.

True

True or False: In nonprobability sampling, the degree to which the sample differs from the population remains unknown.

Random Sampling

Purest form of probability sampling

Each member of the population has an equal and known chance of being selected.

When there are very large populations, it is often difficult or impossible ot identify every member of the population, so the pool of available subjects becomes biased

Systematic Sampling

Often used instead of random sampling

Also called an Nth name selection technique.

After the required sample size has been calculated, every Nth record is selected from a list of population members. As long as the list does not contain any hidden order, this sampling method is as good as the random sampling method.

Only advantage over the random sampling technique is simplicity.

Is frequently used to select a specified number of records from a computer file.

Nth Name Selection Technique

What is Systematic Sampling also called?

Stratified Sampling

Commonly used probability method that is superior to random sampling because it reduces sampling error.

Uses a subset of the population that share at least one common characteristic (ex. males and females, or managers and non-managers)

The researcher first identifies the relevant subsets and their actual representation in the population.

Random sampling is then used to select a sufficient number of subjects from each subset.

Often used when one or more of the subsets in the population have a low incidence relative to the other subsets.

Stratum

In stratified sampling, defined as a subset of the population that share at least one common characteristic (ex. males and females, or managers and non-managers).

Sufficient

In stratified sampling, “___” refers to a sample size large enough for us to be reasonably confident that the stratum represents the population.

Convenience Sampling

Used in exploratory research where the researcher is interested in getting an inexpensive approximation of the truth.

Nonprobability method is often used during preliminary research efforts to get a gross estimate of the results, without incurring the cost or time required to select a random sample

Judgment Sampling

Common nonprobability method.

Usually an extension of convenience sampling.

For example, a researcher may decide to draw the entire sample from one "representative" city, even though the population includes all cities.

When using this method, the researcher must be confident that the chosen sample is truly representative of the entire population.

Quota Sampling

Nonprobability equivalent of stratified sampling.

Like stratified sampling, the researcher first identifies the stratums and their proportions as they are represented in the population.

Then convenience or judgment sampling is used to select the required number of subjects from each stratum.

Differs from stratified sampling, where the stratums are filled by random sampling.

Snowball Sampling

Special nonprobability method used when the desired sample characteristic is rare. It may be extremely difficult or cost prohibitive to locate respondents in these situations,

Relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects.

While this technique can dramatically lower search costs, it comes at the expense of introducing bias because the technique itself reduces the likelihood that the sample will represent a good cross section from the population.

Slovin’s Formula

What mathematical equation is useful in determining a sample size that could represent a large population?

n = N / (1 + Ne²)

n = Number of Samples

N = Total Population

e = Error Tolerance

What is Slovin’s Formula and its variables?

Margin of Error

Another name for error tolerance?

2%-12% (0.02-0.12)

What is the range of Error Tolerance/Margin of Error?

lower

The lower the total population the ___ the margin error should be in order to get a sufficient number of representatives.