Arrhythmia Pathophysiology

What is known as the pacemaker of the heart? 

Sinoatrial Node

What mediates conduction of electrical impulses between the atria and the ventricles?

Atrioventricular Node

What carries electrical impulses down to the ventricles?

Purkinje Fibers

What is defined as the normal rhythm of the heart?

Sinus Rhythm

What is defined as abnormal rhythm of the heart?

Arrhythmia

What is defined as abnormal rhythm of the heart within the heart’s upper chambers? 

Supraventricular Arrhythmias 

What is defined as abnormal rhythm of the heart within the heart’s lower chambers?

Ventricular Arrhythmias

What is defined as Slow heart rate, < 60 beats per minute?

Sinus Bradycardia

What is defined as rapid heart rate, > 100 beats per minute?

Sinus Tachycardia

What is defined as electrical signal is slowed or disrupt preventing normal movement through the heart? 

Heart Block

What is defined as to restore a normal heart rhythm?

Cardioversion

What is related to heart muscle contraction?

Cardiac inotropic effects

What relates to the heart rate?

Cardiac chrontropic effects

What is a test that checks for problems with the electrical activity of the heart and is also used to diagnose arrhythmias? 

Electrocardiogram 

What is defined as the atrial depolarization?

P wave

What is defined as the ventricular depolarization?

QRS Complex

What is defined as Ventricular Repolarization?

T Wave

What is defined as ventricular contraction? 

ST Segment

What defined as the use of an ultrasound in the diagnosis of cardiovascular lesions and in the recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and is also used to evaluate heart structure and function?

Echocardiography

What is defined as the percent of blood that leaves the heart to perfuse the systemic circulation?

Ejection Fraction

What is the normal ejection fraction?

50%

What is classified as having:

-Sinus Bradycardia
-AV nodal Blockade
-Atrial Fibrillation
-Paroxysmal Supraventricular tachycardia

Supraventricular Arrhythmias

What is classified as having:

-Ventricular Premature depolarizations
-Ventricular Tachycardia
-Ventricular Fibrillation
-Torsades de Pointes

Ventricular Arrhythmias

What has abnormally slow heart rate secondary to decreased automaticity of the SA node? 

Sinus Bradycardia

What has conduction of electrical impulses through the AV node becoming impaired?

AV nodal blockade

What may be caused by both abnormal impulse formation and abnormal impulse conduction while having the atria beating irregularly and out of coordination with the ventricles?

Atrial Fibrillation

What is caused by re-entry of the electrical impulse that includes the AV node as part of the re-entrant circuit? (the Start and Stop Tachycardia in the Atria)

Paroxsymal Supraventricular Tachycardia

What is caused when the heartbeat is initiated by Purkinje Fibers in the ventricles rather than by the sinoatrial node? (I.E Heart skips a beat) 

Ventricular premature depolarizations (Premature Ventricular Contractions) 

What is initiated by a precisely timed VPD provoking re-entry within the ventricular tissue while also having fast heart rate that arises from improper electrical activity in the ventricles of the heart?

Ventricular Tachycardia

What is irregular, disorganized, chaotic electrical activity in the ventricles resulting in the absence of ventricular depolarizations, causing a lack of pulse, cardiac output, and blood pressure?

Ventricular Fibrillation

What is a type of ventricular tachycardia due to prolongation of the repolarization phase of the ventricular action potential?

Torsades de Pointes

What has the term “Twisting of the Points” due to ventricular tachycardia associated with the twisting QRS complex and prolonged QTc Interval, associated with a heart rate of 140 - 280 bpm, and the outlines will look like “party streamer” 

Torsades de Pointes 

What is defined as electrical shock delivered through the chest wall to the heart through special electrodes or paddles?

Direct Current Cardioversion

What typically uses catheters inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the hearted to correct structural problems in your heart that cause and arrhythmia?”

Cardiac Ablation

What uses electrical pulses or shocks to treat life-threatening arrhythmias that occur in the ventricles?

ICDs and Pacemakers

What are the class 1 Antiarrhythmic Drugs?

Sodium Channel Blockers 

What are the class 2 Antiarrhythmic drugs?

Beta Blockers

What are the class 3 Antiarrhythmic drugs?

Potassium Channel Blockers

What are the class 4 Antiarrhythmic drugs?

Calcium Channel Blockers

What are the class 5 Antiarrhythmic drugs? 

Miscellaneous Agents