Skeletal System

axial skeleton

forms the axis of the body, the bones protect the brain and organs in the chest

appendicular skeleton

forms the appendages and their attachments to the axial skeleton, they protect organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

hematopoiesis

process in which blood cells are produced

red bone marrow

the tissue where blood cells are produced and it synthesizes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

osteocalcin

endocrine hormone produced by bone cells that helps regulate blood glucose and fat deposition

mineral storage

this storage function is related to the role of bones in maintaining mineral homeostasis

flat bones long bones short bones irregular bones sesamoid bone

types of bones

flat bones

the function of these bones are to protect internal organs such as the brain, heart, and pelvic organs. they also provide large areas of attachment for muscles

long bones

the function of these bones are to support the weight of the body and facilitate movement

femur

longest bone in the body

short bones

these bones are cube shaped, and they provide some stability and movement

stapes

smallest bones of the body

1-7

pair of true ribs

8-10

pair of false ribs

11-12

floating ribs

irregular bones

may vary in shape and structure and therefore do not fit into any other category

c1-c7

total bones in the cervical vertebrae (developed and undeveloped)

t1-t12

total bones in the thoracic vertebrae (developed and undeveloped)

l1-l5

total bones in the lumbar vertebrae (developed and undeveloped)

coccyx

another term for tailbone

sesamoid bones

bones that are embedded in tendons

patella

commonly referred to as the kneecap and is the only sesamoid bone in the body

brain case

surround and protect the brain

22

total bones of the skull

appendicular skeleton

the bones that “append”

cranaial bones and facial skeleton

what is the skull consisted of?

facial skeleton

makes up the face of the skull bones

lambdoid suture

between occipital and parietal bones

coronal suture

between frontal and parietal bones

squamous suture

between temporal and lateral bones

malleus incus stapes

3 smallest bones of the body

laryngeal skeleton

also known as the larynx or voice box

vertebral column

central axis of the skeleton from the base of the skull to the pelvis

cervical vertebrae

have very small bodies except atlas that has no body

atlas

nodding “yes” motion of the head

thoracic cage

protects internal organs and gives attachment to muscles involved in respiration and upper limb movement

appendicular skeleton

appendages of the axial skeleton

pectoral or shoulder girdle

connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

axis

“no” motion of the head

thoracic vertebrae

possess long, thin spinous process that are directed inferiorly

lumbar vertebrae

have large, thick bodies and heavy, rectangular transverse and spinous process

sacrum

5 sacral vertebrae that are fused into single bone

scaphoid lunate trapezoid pisiform triquetral trapezium capitate hamate

8 carpal bones of the wrist?

pelvic girdle

ring of bones attached to the vertebral column that connects the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton

femur

only bone of the thigh

tibia

commonly known as the shin

joints

holds the skeleton together and support movement

immovable joints

also called synarthroses and they are joints that dont move

amphiarthroses

joints that allow slight movement

diarthroses

joints that allow full movement

cartiliginous joints

joints that unite bones with cartilages are called ____

synovial joints

are characterized by the presence of articular capsule between the two joined bones

gliding joints

move against each other on a single plane

hinge joints

move on just one axis

pivot joint

provides rotation

condyloid joint

allows for circular motion, flexion, and extension

saddle joint

allows joint allows for flexion, motion, and other movements, but no rotation in the hand

thumb

the only saddle bone

ball-and-socket joint

freely moving joint that can rotate on any axis

skull sutures

are immobile joints where cranial bones are connected with dense fibrous tissue