04. Orbitals

Describe spin pairing

If the orbital contains 2 paired up electrons they are spinning in opposite directions

What is it called when orbitals have 2 electrons and they’re spinning in opposite directions?

Spin pairing

Describe orbitals within the same shell

They have the same energy

What do orbitals have the same energy as?

Other orbitals in the same shell

What are s orbitals shaped as?

Spherical

What are P orbitals shaped as?

Dumbells

How do electrons initially fill the orbitals?

Singly at first so electrons can keep as far away as possible to reduce electrostatic repulsion

How are orbitals filled after they are initially single?

They pair up with electrons with the opposite spin to reduce repulsion and their magnetic fields reinforce eachother

Due to the arrangement of orbitals being filled up in a certain way what does this allow?

Allows it to be stable and to separate electrons, energy is required

What is the exception to the rule?

4s orbital fills before 3d as it is lower in energy when empty

What elements orbitals are filled up in a different way? WHY?

Chromium and copper because it’s more stable