VM 23000 Midterm Module Reviews

True or False: At least 75% of emerging diseases are either zoonotic or vector-borne

True

Epidemiology

Study of disease in communities and populations

Zoonoses

Diseases transmitted from animals to humans

Vectors

Usually invertebrates such as fleas, mosquitos, or ticks, but can include mammals

Communicable Disease Rule 410 IAC 1-2.3

Physicians and laboratories are required to report certain communicable diseases

When was OSHA created

1970

What department is OSHA

Department of Labor

OSHA's mission

Assure safe and healthful working conditions for employees

Occupational hazards

- Chemical: Pharmaceuticals

- Biological: Zoonotic Diseases

- Physical: Animal-induced

- Physiological: Compassion fatigue

6 steps to establishing an OSHA compliance program

1. Learn requirements

2. Make an implementation plan

3. Address one hazard at a time

4. Create a hospital safety manual

5. Train employees

6. Reevaluate and adjust

Most common OSHA citations include

- Fall protection

- Hazard communication

- Respiratory

- Protection

- Electrical

Willful violence penalty

$70,000 each violation and minimum of $5,000 for each

Serious violation penalty

Up to $7,000

Other-than-serious violation penalty

Up to $7,000 for each

Repeated violation penalty

Up to $70,000 for each

Form 301

- Injury and illness incident report form for a specific individual event

- Must be completed within 7 calendar days post injury/illness

- Protect employee confidentiality

Form 300

- Injury and illness log

- Each incident requiring a form of 301 must be logged on the form 300

- Summary information that helps employers complete form 300A and identify trends

- Protect employee confidentiality

Form 300A

- Summary of injuries and illnesses

- # of work related injuries and illnesses

- # of days away from work

- Total # of injuries and illness types

- No confidential information, must be publicly posted for all to see

When are first aid kits required

If a medical facility is not in "near proximity" or when regular EMS are not available

Engineering controls

Prevent exposure to the hazard or place a barrier between the hazard and worker

Procedural controls

Develop policies to modify behavior to eliminate/minimize/reduce hazard

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Does not eliminate hazard, just provides a barrier from chemicals or infectious pathogens through contact, inhalation, or absorption

5 types of veterinary waste

1. Animal waste

2. General waste

3. Sharps

4. Chemical waste

5. Hazardous waste

OSHA in regards to waste disposal

- Collect, store, and handle waste in a manner that protects staff members and promotes sanitation

Ex. Sharps, blood borne pathogens

EPA in regards to waste disposal

- Protect the environment and the general public

- Local and state regulation of hazardous waste

Ex. Storage, transportation, disposal

Biomedical waste

Waste should be considered this when the item contains human pathogens

Treatment facility

Uses various process to alter the character or composition of hazardous wastes

Storage facility

Temporarily hold hazardous wastes until treatment or disposal

Disposal facility

-

Permanently contain hazardous waste

- Includes: Incineration, steam sterilization, and chemical disinfection

Cat injuries in practice

>42% veterinary nurses

Common locations for cat injuries

Fingers, hands, arms, and head

Dog injuries in practice

>38% veterinary nurses

Common locations for dog injuries

Hands, fingers, arms, and face

Hand sanitizers

- NOT the same as washing

- Don't eliminate all germs

- Dirt/grease effects efficacy

- Don't remove chemicals, pesticides

Roundworm

- Common name: Roundworms

- Agent: Parasite (Toxocara spp.)

- Clinical signs: Diarrhea, presence of visible worms in stool, pot-bellied apperance

- Animals likely to transmit it: Dogs and cats

- Transmitted: Through feces

- How it appears: Most don't have symptoms or get sick

Hookworms

- Common name: Hookworm

- Agent: Parasite (Ancylostoma brazilense, A. caninum, A. ceylanicum, Uncinaria stenocephala)

- Clinical signs: Weight loss, bloody diarrhea, dull and dry hair coat or failure to grow properly

- Animals likely to transmit it: Dogs and cats (puppies and kittens)

- Transmitted: Feces

- How it appears: Raised, red tracks appear in the skin, causing local reaction that is red and itchy

Tapeworms

- Common name: Tapeworm

- Agent: Parasite (Echinococcus)

- Clinical signs: Dogs usually asymptomatic. Typically has little impact on dogs, remains confined to the GI tract

- Animals likely to transmit it: Dogs and cats

- Transmitted: Swallowing eggs (inhalation), feces

- How it appears: Tumor-like or cyst-like. Usually involves the liver but can spread.

Salmonella

- Common name: Salmonella

- Agent: Bacteria (Salmonella)

- Clinical signs: Diarrhea, may be more tired, vomit or have a fever

- Animals likely to transmit it: Poultry, wild birds, reptiles, amphibians, rodents, small mammals, and farm animals

- Transmitted: Not washing hands after being in contact with contaminated animals

- How it appears: Sudden onset diarrhea 12-36 hrs after, headache, abdominal pain, fever

Ringworm

- Common name: Ringworm, tinea

- Agent: Approximately 40 different species of fungi can cause it. Trichophyton, Microsporum, and Epidermophyton

- Clinical signs: 90% of cats show NO signs, small (1-2cm) scaly, hairless patches

- Animals likely to transmit it: Dogs and cats (especially pups and kittens), horses

- Transmitted: Direct contact with infected animal and/or their hair/fur

- How it appears: Itchy skin, ring-shaped rash, red scaly cracked skin, hair loss

Mange

- Common name: Mange

- Agent: Parasitic Mite (sarcoptes scabiei)

- Clinical signs: Constantly chew and scratch skin, leading to hair loss. Skin will become thickened and darken

- Animals likely to transmit it: Dogs

- How it appears: Itching and a skin rash, pimple-like itchy "scabies rash"

Superbugs

- Common name: MRSA, MRSP

- Agent: Bacteria (methicillin- resistant staphylococcus spp.)

- Clinical signs: Crusts/bumps on skin, draining discharge from the skin or wound, hair loss or redness of skin, straining to urinate/blood in urine/increase in thirst, coughing, sneezing, difficulty breathing, rapid breathing

- Animals most likely to transmit it: Dogs and cats

- Transmitted: MRSA by direct contact with infected area or item, touching the animal or its feces

- How it appears: MRSA depend on part of the body. Skin infections; swelling, warmth, redness and pain. Similar to spider bite symptoms

Cat scratch disease

- Common name: Cat scratch disease

- Agent: Bacteria (Bartonella henselae)

- Clinical signs: Most show NO signs, but it can cause inflammation of the heart

- Animals most likely to transmit it: Cats (primarily kittens)

- Transmitted: Cats infected by flea bites or dirt getting into wounds. Spreads to people when they bite or scratch hard enough to break skin. Also if they lick wounds or scabs you have

- How it appears: 3-14 days after mild infection can occur, swollen and red with round, raised lesions and can have pus. Fever, headache, poor appetite and exhaustion, lymph nodes may be swollen and painful

Toxoplasmosis

- Common name: Toxoplasmosis

- Agent: Parasite (Toxoplasma gondii)

- Clinical signs: Usually none

- Animals most likely to transmitted it: Cats

- Transmitted: Feces, can spread as long as 3 weeks after infection

- How it appears: Often don't have symptoms, mild with "flu-like" symptoms

Leptospirosis

- Common name: Leptospirosis, lepto

- Agent: Bacteria (Leptospirosa interrograns spp.)

- Clinical signs: vary and are nonspecific

- Animals most likely to transmit it: Cattle, horses, dogs and rodents

- Transmitted: Urine of infected animals, can infect water and soil and survive up to weeks or months

- How it appears: Can become sick 2 days after to 4 weeks after. Occurs in two phases. 1st phase; fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, vomiting, or diarrhea. 2nd phase; more severe, may have kidney or liver failure or meningitis

Cryptosporidiosis

- Common name: Crypto

- Agent: Protozoa (Cryptosporidium parvum)

- Clinical signs: Young animals become ill most commonly and have diarrhea, poor appetite, and weight loss

- Animals most likely to transmit it: Reptiles, birds and livestock

- Transmitted: Found in soil, food, water, or surfaces contaminated with feces. Accidentally ingesting infected matter

- How it appears: Begin 2-10 days after infection. Most common symptom is watery diarrhea and stomach cramps/pain

Plague

- Common name: Plague

- Agent: Bacteria (Yersinia pestis)

- Clinical signs: Lethargy, depression, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, fever, enlarged or abscessed lymph nodes draining the site of exposure, oral lesions, muscle soreness, coughing, hemoptysis and weight loss

- Animals most likely to transmit it: Cats (rodent hunters)

- Transmitted: Handling tissue or body fluids of an infected animal

- How it appears: Sudden onset fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal and/or back pain, and weakness

Lyme disease

- Common name: Lyme disease

- Agent: Bacteria (Borrelia burgdorferi)

- Clinical signs: Take up to 2 to 5 months to appear. Lameness and joint pain, may have a fever

- Animals likely to transmit it: Dogs

- Spread by infected ticks, must be attached for 36 to 48 hours

- How it appears: Signs may start 1 to 2 weeks after infection. Small red bump at site of tick bite then may spread into circular "bulls-eye" rash

Brucellosis

- Common name: Brucellosis, Bang's

- Agent: Bacteria (Brucella spp.)

- Clinical signs: Can lead to infertility, abortions, and infections of the reproductive organs. Can cause infection of the spinal bones and disks, or inflammation in the eye or brain.

- Animals likely to transmit it: Bison, elk, sheep, cattle, goats, pigs and dogs

- Transmitted: Eating or drinking unpasteurized/raw dairy products, contact with infected animals or products (placenta or birthing fluids)

- How it appears: Become sick within 6-8 weeks of exposure. Flu-like symptoms that last 2-4 weeks. Can affect reproductive organs and cause miscarriage in pregnant women

Rabies

- Common name: Rabies

- Agent: Virus (Lyssavirus)

- Clinical signs: Dumb form; paralyzes muscles of head and neck, can't swallow so they drool, paralysis spreads until death. Furious form; Aggressive behavior, may progress to dumb form, photophobia, laryngeal paralysis, inability to swallow, last 1-7 days- ends in death

- Animals most likely to transmit it: Any warm-blooded mammal, primary carriers in North America are bats, coyotes, foxes, raccoons, and skunks

- Transmitted: Direct contact with saliva or brain/nervous system tissue from an infected animal

- How it would appear in you: First symptoms similar to flu progress to cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, confusion, and agitation. As it progresses may experience delirium, abnormal behavior, hallucinations, hydrophobia and insomnia. Acute period of disease typically ends after 2 to 10 days. Once signs appear its almost always fatal, there are less than 20 survival cases

Normal conversation decibel rate (dB)

40-50 dB

Barking dogs decibel

80-110 dB

Squealing pigs decibel

95-115 dB

3 types of proper waste gas scavenging system

1. Active

2. Passive

3. Adsorption

WAG

Waste Anesthetic Gases

What is a laser

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

Chemotherapy

Treatment of cancer with cytotoxic drugs (CDs)

Teratogens

Cause defects in the fetus (birth defects)

Mutagens

Cause injury to chromosomes

Carcinogens

Cause DNA damage that leads to secondary cancer

Prevention (mitigation)

Actions taken to prevent or reduce the cause, impact, and consequences of emergency

Preparation

Plan to save lives and property; facilitate response

Response

Occurs in immediate aftermath; actions taken to provide emergency assistance, save lives, minimize property damage, speed recovery

Recovery

Return to normalcy

What does YOYO mean

"You're on your own"