Final including (Assignments Ch 1-8) (Exams 1 & 2)

“Great musicians are born, not made” is an example of the (nativist/empiricist)_______ perspective on behavior, and “practice makes perfect” is an example of the (nativist/empiricist) __________perspective.

nativist empiricist

Aristotle was a(n) (nativist/empiricist) _________ , whereas Plato was a(n) (nativist/empiricist) _________.

empiricist nativist

While studying the process of fantasizing, a psychologist who adheres to the approach of _______ would try to understand the adaptive value of fantasizing.

functionalism

In trying to understand her feelings for Juan, Alisha pays close attention to the sensations she feels each time she sees him. This is an example of the method of _______. This was a favorite method of research by psychologists who followed the approach known as ________.

introspection structuralism

As originally defined by Watson, behaviorism is a(n)__________ science approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of __________ influences on _________ behavior.

natural environmental observable

William James was a (structuralist/functionalist) ___________, and Titchener was a (structuralist/functionalist) ___________ .

functionalist structuralist

Neal is a golden retriever who is taught to salivate in response to a click. His behavior illustrates _________conditioning.

classical

The results of Tolman and Honzik’s (1930) experiment demonstrated _____learning (or the distinction between performance and behavior).

latent

The law of ______states that events that occur in close proximity to each other are readily associated

contiguity

After struggling unsuccessfully to eliminate his anxiety, Andres finally accepts that there are some aspects of his behavior that he can control and some that he cannot control. This conclusion is similar to that of the French philosopher ______and his theory of _____ dualism.

Descartes mind - body

The defining characteristic of behaviorism, as originally proposed by Watson, is the emphasis on _________influences on ________ behavior.

environmental observable

Recall the opening vignette to the chapter where, after making love, one behaviorist comments, “That was fine for you, how was it for me?” This joke is most descriptive of which school of behaviorism?________

methodological behaviorism

(Hull/Watson/Both) _______ assumed that behavior consists of a long chain of specific stimulus-response connections. This approach is known as a(n) ______ theory of behavior.

both stimulus-response

Descartes believed that the behavior of ________is entirely reflexive.

animals

When Tara saw the lush green lawn, it reminded her of just how dry the lawn had been the previous year. Among the four laws of association, this is best described as an example of the law of ________.

contrast

Diane often gets lost when she drives around the city in which she lives. Tolman would most probably say that she has a faulty _______.

cognitive map

When Anastasia once visited Vancouver, it rained every day for a month. As a result, whenever she is trapped in a rainstorm, it reminds her of her trip to Vancouver. Among the four laws of association, this is best described as an example of the law of ______.

frequency

Reggie claims that she freely chose to become a musician, despite her parents putting tremendous pressure upon her to choose a different career. A behaviorist like Skinner would say that her decision to become a musician may instead have been the result of environmental influences that are very (subtle/salient) _____________.

subtle

Skinner noted that people are least likely to perceive their behavior to be freely chosen when their behavior is controlled by _________consequences.

(end of ch 1)

aversive

Nina loves beans; Jana hates beans. Beans are a(n)______ stimulus to Nina and a(n) _________stimulus to Jana.

appetitive aversive

The amount of time it takes Zak to read a chapter is a(n) ________measure of behavior, while the amount of time it took him to begin reading the chapter is a(n) ________measure of behavior. By contrast, the total amount of time he spends reading each day is a(n) _______measure of behavior.

speed latency duration

James decides to implement a program to gradually reduce the amount of time he plays computer games. A useful design for determining the effectiveness of this program would be a _________design.

changing criterion

After Trish told Jennifer that Lorne was the most popular guy in school, Jennifer became extremely interested in him. Trish’s statement about Lorne apparently functioned as a(n) ________ operation that increased Lorne’s value as a(n) __________stimulus.​

establishing appetitive

An ABCAC design is a type of ______ design.

reversal

Blinking is a(n) (covert/overt) _________ behavior, while thinking about blinking is a(n) (covert/overt) _________ behavior.

overt covert

Using a(n) __________ recording procedure that lasted 10 minutes, Erik’s classmate observed that he blew his nose at least once during the first and second minute, as well as the fourth, seventh, ninth, and tenth minutes. His overall level of nose blowing is calculated as (percentage) _______ .

interval 60%

In a simple ______ group design, subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment or non-treatment condition.

control

A flash of light is called a (singular)______ , while a beep and a flash of light are called (plural) ______ . Lever pressing would typically be called a (response/behavior) _________ , while a specific lever press would be called a (response/behavior) ____________ .

stimulus stimuli behavior response

A knife and spoon are placed side by side in a dinner setting creating spatial _________ between the two utensils.

(end of ch 2)

contiguity

Becoming increasingly irritated during a play because the person next to you keeps sniffling is most similar to the process of ________ .

sensitization

When you first move to your new home, you are quite bothered by the sound of aircraft taking off from the military base nearby. After a few weeks, however, you hardly notice it. This is an example of _______.

long term habituation

Many risky sports, like snowboarding and parasailing, have become quite popular with many people. The (two words) __________ theory best accounts for this phenomenon.

opponent process

Classical conditioning is also known as (first letter is P) ______or _________ conditioning. In the latter case, the elicited behaviors are referred to as (plural) _________

Pavlovian respondent respondents

In a conditioned suppression ratio, a score of (no decimals) _________ indicates total suppression of the behavior, while a score of around (one decimal place) _________indicates no suppression.

0 0.5

When you opened the broken refrigerator one evening, the putrid smell of rotten eggs made you nauseous. Your later response of nausea to the sight of the refrigerator is an example of (aversive/appetitive) ___________conditioning as well as (excitatory/inhibitory) _________ conditioning.

aversive excitatory

The time between two trials in a conditioning procedure is called the (two words or abbreviation)_______ . 

Intertrial interval

Seeing a wasp land on your arm and then watching it as it stings you is an example of a(n) (temporal pattern) ________ conditioning procedure; noticing the wasp at the same moment that you feel the sting is an example of a(n)  (temporal pattern) _________ conditioning procedure.

delayed simultaneous

In a restaurant, the parents of a noisy child hardly notice the commotion. This is an example of __________. However, the customers at neighboring tables are becoming increasingly annoyed by the child. This is an example of ___________.

habituation sensitization

During the spring, the male Boogie Bird engages in a stereotypic dance sequence whenever it sees a female. The female is best described as a (two words) __________while the dance sequence is a (three words) ____________ .

sign stimulus fixed action pattern

You finally habituate to the faint sound of a jackhammer half a block away, such that you cease to notice it. The lights in your house then go out, at which point you again notice the sound of the jackhammer. This is an example of the process of __________ .

dishabituation

Inadvertently touching a hot object is likely to elicit a(n) __________ response, which is controlled through a simple sequence of neurons known as a (two words) _____________ .

flexion reflex arc

Behaviors that are automatically drawn out by the stimuli that precede them are referred to as ________ behaviors.

elicited

A sudden loud noise is likely to elicit a(n) __________ response, which is a reflexive defensive response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus.

startle

In general, long-term habituation is most likely to occur when the stimulus is presented at (narrowly/widely) ________spaced intervals; in this case, the ability to respond tends to recover (slowly/quickly) ______ when the stimulus is no longer presented.

widely slowly

When you opened the broken refrigerator yesterday, the putrid smell of rotten eggs made you nauseous. Today, when you are about to open the refrigerator, you again find yourself becoming nauseous, even though the refrigerator has been thoroughly cleaned. In classical conditioning terms, the refrigerator has become a(n) ________ stimulus that now elicits a(n) _______response of nausea. In this case, the nausea produced by the sight of the refrigerator is likely to be (less/more) _________ severe than the nausea produced by the smell of rotten eggs.

conditioned conditioned less

Jared’s parents always start arguing at around midnight each night. As a result, he wakes up feeling anxious each night just before midnight. This seems to be an example of _____ conditioning.

temporal

Feeling a bite and then noticing the dog is an example of a(n) ________ conditioning procedure, while briefly noticing the dog and then later feeling a bite is an example of a(n) _______ conditioning procedure.

backward trace

Brett is allergic to bee stings. He eats and drinks heartily when he is inside the restaurant, but not when he is seated on the outdoor patio surrounded by flowers. This circumstance is similar to the (two words) _______ paradigm, which is also known as the (three words) ___________(CER) procedure.

conditioned suppression conditioned emotional response

Imagine an eyeblink conditioning procedure in which the sound of a click is paired with a puff of air to the eye. Each pairing of the click and air puff during conditioning is referred to as a(n) ________ .

(end of ch 3)

trial

While playing tennis one day, you suffer a minor ankle sprain. Two weeks later you severely twist your ankle while stepping off a curb. The next time you play tennis, you find yourself surprisingly worried about spraining your ankle. This is an example of (abbreviation + one word) _________

US revaluation

You once had a fear of bees, but decided to be bold and take a position working with Dr. Abramson, a psychologist who studies bee behavior. By the end of your second day, your fear of bees has mostly disappeared. However, you then hear thunder in the distance and become a bit worried about whether you should immediately head back to the lab. You decide first to catch one more bee, but find that your fear of bees is now somewhat stronger. The sudden recovery of your fear response to bees is an example of a process known as ___________

disinhibition

In ________ , an already established CS interferes with the conditioning of a new ___________ 

blocking Conditioned Stimulus

Marty once played in an all-star game alongside Bobby Orr (a famous and talented hockey player). Marty scored two goals and an assist, as did Orr. Orr was later voted the game’s most valuable player, while Marty’s name was barely mentioned. This situation seems analogous to the ______ effect in classical conditioning.

blocking

The fact that you like people who remind you of your mother is an example of stimulus _________

generalization

You once played in an all-star game alongside Joe, an unknown basketball player just like you. Joe, however, has a very flamboyant manner on the court. Although you both played equally well and led the team to win, almost all the credit for the win went to Joe, which seems analogous to the ________ effect in classical conditioning.

overshadowing

Based partially on Pavlov’s work on experimental neurosis, Eysenck concluded that (introverts/extraverts) __________ tend to be highly reactive to external stimulation, condition easily, and develop anxiety-type symptoms in reaction to stress. By contrast, (introverts/extraverts) _________ are less reactive, condition less easily, and develop physical-type symptoms in reaction to stress.

introverts extroverts

During acquisition, the later pairings of light and food are likely to produce (smaller/larger)________ increments in conditioning compared to early pairings.

smaller

If the scent of ammonia and the ticking of a clock are combined to form a compound stimulus, then the two stimuli are being presented (simultaneously/successively) ___________

simultaneously

In higher-order conditioning, the CS₂ generally elicits a (stronger/ weaker) ______ response than does the CS₁.

weaker

The maximum amount of conditioning that can take place in a particular situation is known as the ________ of conditioning.

asymptote

The fact that you learned to fear wasps and hornets, as well as bees, after being stung by a bee is an example of the process of (two words) ________.

stimulus generalization

If one thinks of a conditioned stimulus as being a particularly salient stimulus, then a blocking procedure is very similar to a(n) ______ procedure.

overshadowing

A student has great difficulty focusing on the relevant material being discussed in class and is easily distracted. This student might also display (stronger/weaker) ________ evidence of ______ inhibition compared to an average student.

weaker latent

A person who fears dogs also feels anxious when he hears the word canine. This is an example of (two words, be specific!) ______.

semantic generalization

Remember the cartoon of Pavlov learning to salivate to the bell after watching the dogs being trained to salivate to the sound of a bell? This situation might have arisen during conditioning if the dogs were being fed bites of juicy steak, the sight of a steak being for many people a (CS1/ CS2) _______for salivation. The bell would then become a (CS1/CS2) _______through its association with the sight of the steak. Thus, of the three types of extensions to classical conditioning, this is most similar to the process of (three words) ________.

CS1 CS2 higher order conditioning

The gradual strengthening of a classically conditioned fear response by repeated pairings of a tone with a shock is an example of the process of ________. During this process, the early pairings of tone and shock are likely to produce (larger/smaller) _________ increments in conditioning than the later pairings.

acquisition larger

Following an experience in which you were stung by a bee and subsequently developed a fear of bees, you are hired for a one-day job with a biologist in which your task is to catch bees. During the day, you never once get stung by a bee. As a result, your fear of bees will likely decrease, which is a process known as _______.

extinction

Bowser, a golden retriever, finds it extremely difficult to tell when his master will give him food. As a result, he is quite stressed, which seems somewhat analogous to the phenomenon of (two words) _______ .

experimental neurosis

Consider the following example in which feelings of tension toward your former friend, Yoshi, are also elicited by a restaurant where you often used to meet up with him:

Step 1: (Repeated experiences in restaurant) Restaurant : Yoshi

Step 2: (Not in restaurant) Yoshi : Argument = Tension
(Afterward) Yoshi = Tension.

Step 3: Restaurant = Tension.

This process is best interpreted as an example of (two words) ________ .

(end of Ch 4)

sensory preconditioning

Rasheed had never experienced a more difficult multiple-choice test. Virtually every alternative for every question looked equally correct. By the end of the exam, he felt extremely anxious. Rasheed’s experience is somewhat analogous to a phenomenon discovered by Pavlov’s associates, which they called (two words) _______

experimental neurosis

Midori feels anxious whenever the manager walks into the store accompanied by the owner because the manager always finds fault with the employees when the owner is there. This is best seen as an example of (two words) _________ with the owner functioning as the (two words) _______.

occasion setting occasion setter

A person who fears dogs also feels anxious when he hears the word canine. This is an example of (two words, be specific!) _______

semantic generalization

Remember the cartoon of Pavlov learning to salivate to the bell after watching the dogs being trained to salivate to the sound of a bell? This situation might have arisen during conditioning if the dogs were being fed bites of juicy steak, the sight of a steak being for many people a (CS1/ CS2) ___________ for salivation. The bell would then become a (CS1/CS2) _________ through its association with the sight of the steak. Thus, of the three types of extensions to classical conditioning, this is most similar to the process of (three words) __________.

CS1 CS2 higher order conditioning

You once played in an all-star game alongside Antonio, an unknown basketball player just like you. Antonio, however, is a very tall and noticeable player on the court. Although you both played equally well, almost all the credit for the win went to (Antonio/yourself) _________, which seems analogous to the ________ effect in classical conditioning.

Antonio overshadowing

If one thinks of a conditioned stimulus as being a particularly salient stimulus, then a blocking procedure is very similar to a(n) ________ procedure.

overshadowing

The fact that you learned to fear wasps and hornets, as well as bees, after being stung by a bee is an example of the process of (two words) _______.

stimulus generalization

In higher-order conditioning, the CS₂ generally elicits a (stronger/ weaker) _______ response than does the CS₁.

weaker

You once had a fear of bees, but decided to be bold and take a position working with Dr. Abramson, a psychologist who studies bee behavior. Knowing your phobia, he hires you for a single day to test your ability. The researcher feels that you have done such a fine job catching bees that he hires you for another day. At the start of the next day, you will likely find that your fear of bees has (completely disappeared/partially returned) ________, a phenomenon known as ______ .

partially returned spontaneous recovery

​In higher-order conditioning, the conditioning of the CS₁ is often called (two words) _______ conditioning, while the conditioning of the CS₂ is called (two words) _________conditioning.

first order second order

While playing tennis one day, you suffer a minor ankle sprain. Two weeks later you severely twist your ankle while stepping off a curb. The next time you play tennis, you find yourself surprisingly worried about spraining your ankle. This is an example of (abbreviation + one word) ___________

US revaluation

A student has great difficulty focusing on the relevant material being discussed in class and is easily distracted. This student might also display (stronger/weaker) _________ evidence of inhibition __________compared to an average student.

weaker latent

If the scent of ammonia and the ticking of a clock are combined to form a compound stimulus, then the two stimuli are being presented (simultaneously/successively) ___________

simultaneously

Bowser, a golden retriever, finds it extremely difficult to tell when his master will give him food. As a result, he is quite stressed, which seems somewhat analogous to the phenomenon of (two words) _________

experimental neurosis

Not being afraid of your cat even through it has scratched you several times is an example of _______inhibition.

latent

The maximum amount of conditioning that can take place in a particular situation is known as the __________ of conditioning.

asymptote

The fact that you like people who remind you of your mother is an example of stimulus __________ .

generalization

Consider the following example in which the sight of different people comes to elicit feelings of anger:

Step 1: Seeing John : John’s rude behavior = Anger toward John.
(Afterward) Seeing John = Anger toward John.

Step 2: Seeing Amir : Seeing John = Anger toward John.
(Afterward) Seeing Amir = Anger toward Amir.

This is an example of (two words) _________ conditioning.

higher order

During acquisition, the later pairings of light and food are likely to produce (smaller/larger) _________ increments in conditioning compared to early pairings.

(End of Ch 4)

smaller