loophole practice

what are the 5 premise indicators?

because, for, since, as, given that

define the acronym “CLIR”

controversy, loophole, inference, resolution

match the type of stimulus (debate, argument, premise set, paradox) to each letter of the CLIR

debate —> controversy, argument —> loophole, premise set —> inference, paradox —> resolution

argument:

premises and conclusions

premise set:

non-contradictory premises

paradox:

contradictory premises

debate:

two speakers

list the 7 if/sufficient condition indicators

when(ever), any(time), all, every(time), in order to, people who, each

list the 9 then/necessary condition indicators

must, necessary, required, only if, depends, need (to), have to, essential, precondition

what is the assumption chain? list it

sufficient assumption —> conclusion true —> necessary assumption

what is the sufficient test?

does (assumption candidate) prove conclusion?

what is the necessary assumption test?

if conclusion, must (assumption candidate) be true?

what are the three common loopholes?

dangling variable, conditional variable, secret value judgements, secret downsides

dangling variables

new words that appear in the conclusion and not in the premises

conditional dangling variables:

add a new variable to the conclusion’s conditional statement

secret value judgements:

author gets judgy in conclusion (appropriate, good or bad)

secret downsides:

author compares two things and says one of them is superior without giving you the full story

list the EIGHT casual indicators

cause, due to, effect, factor, leads to, produced by, product, responsible