PE4 FINALS L1

MOUNTAIN CLIMBING/ALPINISM

__________ is a physical activity where participants try to REACH THE SUMMIT of a mountain.

- Large landform that RISES MORE THAN 500 meters above the surrounding plains.

MOUNTAINEERING AS PHYSICAL AND MENTAL ACTIVITY

- Mountaineering is a——— and ——— activity that requires SKILLS, EXPERIENCE, COMMON SENSE, and GUTS in ascending and descending mountains

HISTORY OF MOUNTAINEERING

- Ever since the beginning of time, people have always CLIMBED MOUNTAINS.

- People climbed mountains for ECONOMIC GAIN and SURVIVAL, and sometimes, to fulfill some SPIRITUAL activities.

18TH CENTURY

- It is when PEOPLE BEGAN CLIMBING mountain for SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS.

Horace Bénédict de Saussure

- a SWISS SCIENTIST born on February 17, 1740, is best known for his pioneering mountaineering achievement.

- On August 1, 1787, he reached the summit of MONT BLANC, where he performed scientific experiments, including using a device called a "CYANOMETER" to measure the COLOR OF THE SKY.

1786

- EARLIEST RECORD MOUNTAINEERING sports activity.

- DR. MICHAEL GABRIEL-PACCARD and his porter, JACQUES BALMAT, climbed MONT BLANC.

1953

- It became even more popular when SIR EDMUND HILLARY and TENZING NORGAY conquered MT. EVEREST, considered the HIGHEST PEAK in the world.

ROMI GARDUCE

- On September 26, 2005, he became the FIRST FILIPINO to top out an 8000m peak.

- On May 19, 2006, he climbed the SUMMIT OF MOUNT EVEREST.

MOUNTAINEERING IN THE PHILIPPINES

- EARLY FILIPINOS had been traveling across mountains centuries before European colonizers set foot in the archipelago.

- One proof is the discovery of the TABON MAN in the caves of Tabon in a mountain in PALAWAN. Another proof is the CIVILIZATION established in the mountains by the indigenous people of the CORDILLERA REGION.

MT. PULAG

MT. APO

MT. DULANG-DULANG

MOUNTAINS IN THE PHILIPPINES

MT. PULAG

- One of the highest mountains in the

Philippines. It is the HIGHEST PEAK IN LUZON, with an elevation of 2,922 METERS ABOVE SEA LEVEL.

MT. APO

- Also known locally as APO SANDAWA, is a large solfataric, dormant STRATOVOLCANO on the island of MINDANAO , Philippines. With an elevation of 2,954 METERS ABOVE SEA LEVEL.

MT. DULANG-DULANG

- Dubbed by Filipino mountaineers as "D2," is the highest elevation peak in the KITANGLAD Mountain Range, located in the NORTH CENTRAL PORTION of the province of BUKIDNON in the island of MINDANAO. Elevation: 2,938 m

1852

-EARLIEST RECORD OF MOUNTAINEERING in the country.

- DON JOSE OYANGUREN, the governor of DAVAO, aimed to climb Mt. Apo. He ORGANIZED A GROUP OF PEOPLE and climbed the mountain, but they FAILED because of the difficulty in the ascent. They retreated, with 20 MEMBERS DYING in the failed endeavor.

1880

- DON JOAQUIN RAJAL , together with FATHER MATEO GISBERT and DR. JOSEPH MONTANO. The three were able to SUCCESSFULLY REACH THE SUMMITH OF MT. APO with the help of the BAGOBOS, the INDIGENOUS people in the area.

1990s

- GOLDEN AGE of Mountaineering.

- FORMAL TRAINING and courses.

- DIFFERENT CLUBS and SOCIETIES opened.

HAZARDS OF MOUNTAINEERING

- Mountaineering is a DANGEROUS physical activity. Exploring the wilderness of the mountains poses ——- that can cause INJURIES or SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES such as DEATH.

- —————— can be man-made or natural.

MAN-MADE HAZARDS

- Also called SUBJECTIVE HAZARDS caused by LACK OF PREPARATION and CARELESSNESS.

- DEHYDRATION, FALLING, and OVEREXERTION are some common consequences of ————.

- CAREFUL PREPARATION and PLANNING are the ANTIDOTES to the subjective hazards in the mountains.

NATURAL HAZARDS

- Caused by ——— OCCURENCES.

- They are also called OBJECTIVE HAZARDS.

- They are caused by the ——- ENVIRONMENT in the mountain and by the weather. Some ——— include WEATHER hazards, ALTITUDE, STRONG WINDS, ROCK FALLS, and VISIBILITY. Dangerous animals, plants, and other organisms are also ———.

MOUNTAIN CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DIFFICULTY

- Early mountaineers classify mountains as being LEVEL I, II, or III.

- This early classification system, which used HEIGHT AS SOLE CRITERION, but there are some examples of level mountains that is hard to climb compared to a level 3 mountain.

LEVEL 1

- ———- mountains are those whose height are 1000 METERS above sea level and below.

LEVEL 2

- ——— mountains, 1000-2000 METERS above sea level

LEVEL 3

- ——— mountains, over 2000 METERS above sea level.

MAJOR CLIMB

- It requires an OVERNIGHT OR CAMPING FIR SEVERAL DAYS

MINOR CLIMB

- It requires a maximum of a ONE-DAY HIKE to climb the summit.

MOUNTAINEERS

- People who engage in this sport are called ————.

AUGUST 01, 1787

Horace Benedict de Saussure reached the summit of Mont Blanc, where he performed scientific experiments, including using a device called a "cyanometer" to measure the color of the sky.

CYANOMETER

A device used to MEASURE THE COLOR OF THE SKY

DR. MICHEL-GABRIEL PACCARD AND JACQUES BALMAT

In 1786, they climbed Mont Blanc

SIR EDMUND HILLARY AND TENZING NORGAY

In 1953, they conquered Mt. Everest, considered the highest peak in the world.

SEPTEMBER 26, 2005

Romi Garduce, became the first filipino to top out an 8000m peak.

MAY 19, 2006

Romi Garduce, climbed the summit of Mt. Everest.

TABON MAN AND CIVILIZATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE OF THE CORDILLERA REGION

2 Proofs that early Filipinos had been traveling across mountains centuries before European colonizers set foot in the archipelago.

2,922 METERS

Elevation of Mt. Pulag above sea level.

2954 METERS

Elevation of Mt. Apo above sea level.

2938 METERS

Elevation of Mt. Dulang Dulang above sea level.

DON JOSE OYANGUREN

In 1852, governor of Davao, aimed to climb Mt. Apo. He organized a group of people and climbed the mountain, but they failed because of the difficulty of the ascent. They retreated, with 20 members dying in the failed endeavor.

DON JOAQUIN RAJAL, FATHER MATEO GISBERT, AND DR. JOSEPH MONTANO

In 1880, the three were able to successfully reach the summit of Mt. Apo with the help of the Bagobos, the indigenous people in the area.