M/N week 1

Current trends in women's health nursing

Family centered care, community based care, midwifery care, home visiting programs, integrated perinatal mental health screening/referrals, duala care, double care, person centered care, and addressing social determinants of health (SDoH).

Family centered care

Involving the client and family in planning care.

Benefits of home visiting programs

They can reduce negative maternal and newborn health outcomes.

Importance of addressing SDoH in maternal health

Factors like nutritious food, safe housing, reliable transportation, and access to healthcare significantly affect maternal health.

U.S. maternal mortality compared to other high resource countries

The U.S. has a higher maternal mortality rate compared to other high resource countries.

Disparities in maternal mortality

Significant racial and geographic disparities exist, with rural areas having higher maternal mortality rates than large metropolitan areas.

Prevention of many maternal deaths

Through early detection, appropriate treatment, and access to quality care.

Roles of the nurse in modern maternal health

Advocate, educate, promote health/injury prevention, build therapeutic relationships, collaborate with interprofessional teams, address disparities/barriers, and support clients before pregnancy through postpartum.

Distinction between CNM, CM, and CPM

CNM: Must complete nursing education, obtain an RN license, and earn a graduate degree; CM: Has graduate level education but no RN license; CPM: Requires a high school diploma/equivalent and demonstrated clinical competence.

Care provided by a CNM

Pregnancy, childbirth, postpartum, reproductive health, and family planning.

Responsibilities and limits of a CPM

Can provide pregnancy, birth, and postpartum care, perform physical examinations, and administer medications, but cannot prescribe medications.

Requirements for a safe planned home birth

Low risk pregnancy, qualified provider, emergency transfer plan, and access to providers who can perform emergency interventions.

Situations requiring transfer from home birth to hospital

Abnormal fetal heart rate, unexpected bleeding, hypertension, fever, meconium, prolonged labor, or client requesting pain medication.

Core principles of family centered care

Collaboration, respect for family perspectives, education, empowerment, participation in decision making, shared goals, safety, and communication.

Major benefits of family centered care

Improved client/family satisfaction, communication, safety, participation/engagement, and overall care experience.

Factors influencing family and maternal newborn outcomes

Social determinants of health (SDoH), socioeconomic status, healthcare access, safe housing, nutritious food, reliable transportation, social support, and geographic location.

Maternal death rates in rural vs metropolitan areas

Rural areas have almost double the maternal death rates compared to large metropolitan areas.

Aspects that make up culture

Beliefs, values, traditions, practices, communication patterns, and health beliefs.

Nature of culture

Culture is dynamic, not fixed.

Key behaviors of culturally competent care

Examine personal biases, avoid stereotyping, ask about client preferences, respect safe cultural practices, communicate appropriately, provide individual care, and support informed decision making.

Difference between cultural awareness and cultural knowledge

Awareness is examining your own beliefs, biases, and assumptions; knowledge is learning about cultures and health practices different from your own.

Four levels of prevention and examples

Primary: Prevent disease - immunizations; Secondary: Detect disease early - pap smear; Tertiary: Treat/manage existing disease - pain management; Quaternary: Prevent unnecessary/harmful interventions - addressing over medication.

Level of prevention for a mammogram

Secondary.

Level of prevention for immunization

Primary.

Level of prevention for rehab treatment

Tertiary.

Level of prevention for unnecessary medication identification

Quaternary.

Healthy People 2030

The U.S. 10-year national plan for improving health and well-being.

Emphasis of Healthy People 2030

Measurable national health objectives, eliminating health disparities, and addressing social determinants of health (SDoH).

Five SDoH areas in Healthy People 2030

Economic stability, education access and quality, healthcare access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, and social and community context.

Maternal health services aligned with Healthy People 2030

Preconception care, prenatal care, postpartum care, preventive services, family planning, and community resources.

Normal number of chromosomes in a person

46 chromosomes in 23 pairs.

Division of 23 chromosome pairs

22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.

Aneuploidy

An abnormal number of individual chromosomes.

Difference between trisomy and monosomy

Trisomy: extra chromosome; Monosomy: missing chromosome.

Three major autosomal trisomies

Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, Patau syndrome.

Chromosome affected in Down syndrome

Trisomy 21.

Chromosome affected in Edwards syndrome

Trisomy 18.

Chromosome affected in Patau syndrome

Trisomy 13.

Common characteristics of Down syndrome

Flat face, upward slanting eyes, short neck, protruding tongue, single palmar crease, hypotonia, and congenital heart defects.

Autosomal dominant inheritance

One mutated copy causes disease, can occur every generation, and an affected parent can pass it to a child.

Example of autosomal dominant inherited disease

Huntington's disease.

Autosomal recessive inheritance

Two mutated copies are required, one from each parent, often with unaffected carriers.

Examples of autosomal recessive diseases

Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell.

X linked recessive disorders in males

More common because males have only one X chromosome.

Fathers and X linked traits

Fathers cannot pass an X linked trait to their sons.

X linked dominant inheritance

One altered copy can cause disease; fathers pass their X chromosome to all daughters and no sons.

What does CVS stand for?

Chorionic villus sampling.

Type of sample collected during CVS

Placental tissue.

Timing for CVS

Usually performed at 10-13 weeks.

Primary purpose of CVS

Diagnostic genetic testing.

Invasiveness of CVS

Invasive.

Major risks of CVS

Miscarriage, bleeding, infection, and rupture of membranes.

What does amniocentesis involve collecting?

Amniotic fluid.

Timing for amniocentesis

Usually performed during the second trimester.

Purpose of amniocentesis

Diagnostic genetic testing.

Invasiveness of amniocentesis

Invasive.

Guidance method during amniocentesis

Ultrasound.

Main difference between CVS and amniocentesis

CVS collects tissue; amniocentesis collects amniotic fluid.