Lab 1 - Introduction to Animals (Invertebrate Classification)

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173 Terms

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<p></p>

Simple Squamos

Epithelial

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<p></p>

Simple Cuboidal

Epithelial

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<p></p>

Simple Columnar

Epithelial

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<p></p>

Stratified Columnar

Epithelial

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<p></p>

Pseudostratified columnar

Epithelial

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<p></p>

Loose Connective

connective

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<p></p>

Fibrous connective

connective

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<p></p>

Cartilage

connective

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<p></p>

Bone

connective

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Adipose

connective

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<p></p>

Skeletal muscle

muscle

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<p></p>

Smooth muscle

muscle

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<p></p>

Cardiac muscle

muscle

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<p></p>

Neuron

Nervous tissue

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Phylum: Porifera (Sponges) Characteristics

  • Loose aggregate of cells, no true tissues

  • Porifera; “pore bearers”, sponge full of holes

  • Choanocytes: flagellated cells

  • Cambrian

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How are Phylum: Porifera classifed?

  • Classified into classes by canal systems and skeletal structures

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What is the level of organization of Phylum: Porifera?

cellular level

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What type of digestion does Phylum: Porifera have?

intracellular

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Phylum: Porifera Asexual Reproduction

Budding or gemmules

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Phylum: Porifera Sexual Reproduction

Eggs and Sperm

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Sponge Body Types

  • 3 Body Types:

    1. Ascnoid: flagellated spongocoel

    2. Syconoid: flagellated canals

    3. Leuconoid: flagellated chambers

<p></p><ul><li><p>3 Body Types:</p><ol><li><p>Ascnoid: flagellated spongocoel</p></li><li><p>Syconoid: flagellated canals</p></li><li><p>Leuconoid: flagellated chambers</p></li></ol></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the name of the central cavity in a sponge?

Phylum: Porifera

  • Spongocoel: central cavity

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What is the name of the large opening at the top of the sponge?

Phylum: Porifera

  • Osculum: large opening at the top of sponge

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<p>Sponge Skeletal Structures</p>

Sponge Skeletal Structures

  • Spicules: made up of calcium carbonate or silica

  • Spongin: made up of protein

<ul><li><p>Spicules: made up of calcium carbonate or silica</p></li><li><p>Spongin: made up of protein</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>Synconoid Canal Type Structures </p>

Synconoid Canal Type Structures

  1. Spongocoel

  2. Apopyle

  3. Radial Canal

  4. Incurrent Canal

  5. Ostia

Osculum: at the top, where water comes out

<ol><li><p>Spongocoel</p></li><li><p>Apopyle</p></li><li><p>Radial Canal</p></li><li><p>Incurrent Canal</p></li><li><p>Ostia</p></li></ol><p>Osculum: at the top, where water comes out</p><p></p>
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Class Calcarea

Phylum: Porifera

  • Radially symmetrical vase shaped body types

  • Colonies of meshwork of thin tubes

  • Irregular massive forms

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Class Calcarea Body Types

Phylum: Porifera

  • Ascnoid, syconoid, leuconoid

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Class Calcarea Skeletal Structure

Phylum: Porifera

  • Calcium carbonate spicules

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Class Hexactinellidae Body Types

Phylum: Porifera

  • Glass sponges

  • Syconoid, leuconoid

<p>Phylum: Porifera</p><ul><li><p>Glass sponges</p></li><li><p>Syconoid, leuconoid</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Class Hexactinellidae Skeletal Type

Phylum: Porifera

  • 6 sided silica spicules

<p>Phylum: Porifera</p><ul><li><p>6 sided silica spicules</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Class Demospongiae Body Type

Phylum: Porifera

  • Makes up 81% of this phylum

  • Bath sponges (most important)

  • Leuconoid

<p>Phylum: Porifera</p><ul><li><p>Makes up 81% of this phylum</p></li><li><p>Bath sponges (most important)</p></li><li><p>Leuconoid</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Class Demospongiae Skeletal type

Phylum: Porifera

  • Silica spicules and/or spongin

<p>Phylum: Porifera</p><ul><li><p>Silica spicules and/or spongin</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Phylum: Cnidara

  • Radial symmetry

  • Tissue level organization

  • 580 MYA precambrian

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How many tissue layers in Phylum: Cnidara?

  • Diploblastic: ectoderm (outer) and endoderm (inner) separated by mesoglea (2 tissue layers)

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What body forms found in Phylum: Cnidara?

  • Polyp and medusa

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What is the central cavity name of Phylum: Cnidara?

  • Gastrovascular cavity

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What is the name of stinging capsule of Phylum: Cnidara?

  • Nematocysts: stinging cells used for protections and to capture prey

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Class Hydrozoa Body Types

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Polyp and medusa stage

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What is the shelf seen on medusa Class Hydrozoa?

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Velum

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How are polyps arranged in Class Hydrozoa?

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Polyps are colonial

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What body form does Class: Hydrozoa Hydra posses?

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Polyp form

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<p>How does Class: Hydrozoa Hydra reproduce</p>

How does Class: Hydrozoa Hydra reproduce

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Asexually: by budding

  • Sexually; have both males/females with testes and ovaries

  • Know 3 structures:

    • Budding

    • Testes

    • Ovary

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><ul><li><p>Asexually: by budding</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Sexually; have both males/females with testes and ovaries</p></li><li><p>Know 3 structures:</p><ul><li><p>Budding</p></li><li><p>Testes</p></li><li><p>Ovary</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Why are Class: Hydrozoa Hydra interesting to biologists? Their diet?

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Have regenerative ability

  • Diet: aquatic invertebrates

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Class: Hydrozoa Hydra Structures

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Tentacles/mouth

  • gastrovascular cavity

  • epidermis

  • mesoglea

  • gastrodermis

  • basal disk

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><ul><li><p>Tentacles/mouth</p></li><li><p>gastrovascular cavity</p></li><li><p>epidermis</p></li><li><p>mesoglea</p></li><li><p>gastrodermis</p></li><li><p>basal disk</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What body form do Class: Hydrozoa Obelia have?

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Body form: polyp and medusa stages

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What is the specialized structure Obelia use for feeding? Reproduction?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

  • Hydranth: specialized structure for feeding

  • Gonagium; reproduction

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><p>Class: Hydrozoa</p><ul><li><p>Hydranth: specialized structure for feeding</p></li><li><p>Gonagium; reproduction</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Class: Hydrozoa Obelia Diet

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Zooplankton, worms, crustaceans

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<p>Class: Hydrozoa Obelia Structures</p>

Class: Hydrozoa Obelia Structures

Phylum: Cnidara

Medusa

  • Manubrium (around mouth)

  • Gonads

  • Radial Canal

  • Tentacles

Polyp

  • Hydranth

  • Gonangium

  • Basal disc

<p>Phylum: Cnidara</p><p>Medusa</p><ul><li><p>Manubrium (around mouth)</p></li><li><p>Gonads</p></li><li><p>Radial Canal</p></li><li><p>Tentacles</p></li></ul><p>Polyp</p><ul><li><p>Hydranth</p></li><li><p>Gonangium</p></li><li><p>Basal disc</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the body form of Portuguese Man of War ?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

  • Siphonophore: made up of zooids

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><p>Class: Hydrozoa</p><ul><li><p><u>Siphonophore:</u> made up of <u>zooids</u></p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the specialized structure used as a float in Portuguese Man of War ?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

  • Pneumatophore: specialized structure used as float

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><p>Class: Hydrozoa</p><ul><li><p>Pneumatophore: specialized structure used as float</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What do stings of Portuguese Man of War cause?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

  • Stings cause severe pain; whiplike, red welts on skin lasting 2-3 days but pain should go away in hours

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Portuguese Man of War Diet

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

  • Diet: small fish, plankton, crustaceans

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What is the body form of Gonionemus?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Hydrozoa

  • Clinging Jelly

  • Small jelly; colorful gonads, tentacles bent on ends, manubrium

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><p>Class: Hydrozoa</p><ul><li><p>Clinging Jelly</p></li><li><p>Small jelly; colorful gonads, tentacles bent on ends, manubrium</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Gonionemus Diet

Phylum: Cnidara

Class: Hydrozoa

  • Diet: small fish and zooplankton

<p>Phylum: Cnidara</p><p>Class: Hydrozoa</p><ul><li><p>Diet: small fish and zooplankton</p></li></ul><p></p>
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How are Moon Jellies different from Class Hydrozoa

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class Scyphozoa

  • True jellies

  • Medusa different from Class hydrozoa; lack a vellum

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How are Moon Jellies recognized?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Scyphozoa

  • Recognized by its 4 horseshoe shaped gonads

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><p>Class: Scyphozoa</p><ul><li><p>Recognized by its 4 horseshoe shaped gonads</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What are Moon Jellies only capable of when swimming?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Scyphozoa

  • Swimming; only limited motion and drifts with the current

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><p>Class: Scyphozoa</p><ul><li><p>Swimming; only limited motion and drifts with the current</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Moon Jellies Diet

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Scyphozoa

  • Diet: medusae, plankton, mollusks

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How is Class Anthozoa different from other cnidarians?

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Anthozoa; “flower animal”

  • Don’t have medusa stage in development

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><ul><li><p>Anthozoa; “flower animal”</p></li><li><p>Don’t have medusa stage in development</p></li></ul><p></p>
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How are is Class Anthozoa grouped?

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Solitary or found in large colonies

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><ul><li><p>Solitary or found in large colonies</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What body shape do Class Anthozoa (Sea Anemones) have?

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Body shape: coral disc at top and pedal disc at the bottom

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><ul><li><p>Body shape: coral disc at top and pedal disc at the bottom</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Class Anthozoa (Sea Anemones) Color

Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Color: green to light yellowish, and gray color

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><ul><li><p>Color: green to light yellowish, and gray color</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Class Anthozoa (Sea Anemones) Diet

Phylum: Cnidara

  • Diet: small fish, snails, limpets, crabs

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What is the coral group of Coral?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Anthozoa

  • Coral group: colony of myriad genetically identical polyps

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><p>Class: Anthozoa</p><ul><li><p>Coral group: colony of myriad genetically identical polyps</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What does Coral create over generations?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Anthozoa

  • Colonies create a large exoskeleton

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><p>Class: Anthozoa</p><ul><li><p>Colonies create a large exoskeleton</p><p></p></li></ul><p></p>
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Coral Diet

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Anthozoa

  • Diet: small fish, plankton, zooanthellae

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><p>Class: Anthozoa</p><ul><li><p>Diet: small fish, plankton, zooanthellae</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the structure of the polyps in Sea Fans?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Anthozoa

  • Form colonies that are erect, flattened, branching, and similar to a fan

<p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p><p>Class: Anthozoa</p><ul><li><p>Form colonies that are erect, flattened, branching, and similar to a fan</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What chemical found in Sea Fans?

Phylum: Cnidaria

Class: Anthozoa

  • Chemical: diterpenes for protection and candidates for new drugs

  • Diet: plankton

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Sea Pansies

  • Phylum: Cnidaria

  • Class: Anthozoa

<ul><li><p>Phylum: Cnidaria</p></li><li><p>Class: Anthozoa</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Phylum: Ctenophora

  • Radial Symmetry separates them from other animals

  • Tissue level of organization

  • Ctenophora; “comb-bearer”

  • 510 MYA cambrian

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Phylum: Ctenophora Body Plan

  • Body plan: sac surrounds gastrovascular cavity

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How does Phylum: Ctenophora differ from Cnidarians?

  • Have radial symmetry

  • Comb plates with cilia

  • Colloblasts to capture prey

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What are Phylum: Ctenophora known for?

  • Largest animals to move by cilia found on combs

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What evidence proves protosome animals in Lophotrochozoans (Clade) are monophyletic?

  • Molecular evidence (rRNA)

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What phyla belong to Clade Lophotrochozoans?

  1. Platyhleminthes

  2. Rotifera

  3. Ectoprocta

  4. Brachiopoda

  5. Nemertea

  6. Mollusca

  7. Annelida

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What two main groups within Lophotrochozoans?

  • Trochozoans: larvae form with a ring of cilia around its middle

  • Lophophorates: horse shoe shaped structure covered with ciliated tentacles

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What is the characteristic responsible for the branching off Phylum: Platyhelminthes from other animals?

Clade: Lophotrochozoans

  • Acoelomates: no space between gastrovascular cavity and muscles

  • 1st to demonstrate bilateral symmetry

<p>Clade: Lophotrochozoans</p><ul><li><p>Acoelomates: no space between gastrovascular cavity and muscles</p></li><li><p>1st to demonstrate bilateral symmetry</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Phylum: Platyhelminthes Level of Organization

  • Organ system level of organization

<ul><li><p>Organ system level of organization</p></li></ul><p></p>
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How many tissues found in Phylum: Platyhelminthes?

  • Triploblastic: outer epidermis and inner endodermis separated by 3rd layer of mesodermis

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What type of digestive system found in Phylum: Platyhelminthes?

  • Gastrovascular cavity

    • Extra and intracellular

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Phylum: Platyhelminthes Reproduction

  • Asexual; regeneration

  • Sexual; gametes, monoecious

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Phylum: Platyhelminthes Nervous System

  • Pair of anterior ganglia with longitudinal nerve cords

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Phylum: Playhelminthes Excretory System

  • Protonephridia (flame cells)

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Phylum: Platyhelminthes Body Cavity

  • Acoelomate

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What is Class Turbellarians - Flatworms known for?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

  • Regenerative skills

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What is the name of the eyespots and function in Class Turbellarians Planaria?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

  • Ocelli (eyespots): used for light detection

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What is the name of bumps on side of head for Planaria?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class Turbellarians

  • Auricles (bump on side of head): chemical detectors

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><p>Class Turbellarians </p><ul><li><p>Auricles (bump on side of head): chemical detectors</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Class Turbellarians - Planaria Structures

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

  • Auricle

  • Pharynx

  • Eyespot

  • Gastrovascular cavity

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><ul><li><p>Auricle</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Pharynx</p></li><li><p>Eyespot</p></li><li><p>Gastrovascular cavity</p></li></ul><p></p>
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<p>What hosts in Class: Trematoda - Flukes parasitize humans?</p>

What hosts in Class: Trematoda - Flukes parasitize humans?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

  • Invertebrates/vertebrates; snails, crabs, fish, birds

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><ul><li><p>Invertebrates/vertebrates; snails, crabs, fish, birds</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Class: Trematoda - Flukes Structures

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

  • Oral sucker

  • pharynx

  • ventral sucker

  • testes

  • ovaries

  • uterus

  • shell glad

  • yolk glands

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><ul><li><p>Oral sucker</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>pharynx</p></li><li><p>ventral sucker</p></li><li><p>testes</p></li><li><p>ovaries</p></li><li><p>uterus</p></li><li><p>shell glad</p></li><li><p>yolk glands</p></li></ul><p></p>
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How many people does Chloronchis sp. infect?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Trematoda

  • Infect 30,000,000 humans

  • Infected when eating fish

  • 85% of cases from China

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><p>Class: Trematoda</p><ul><li><p>Infect 30,000,000 humans</p></li><li><p>Infected when eating fish</p></li><li><p>85% of cases from China</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Where is Chlonorchis sp. found in humans?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Trematoda

  • Found in humans; bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><p>Class: Trematoda</p><ul><li><p>Found in humans; bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile</p></li></ul><p></p>
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How are humans infected by Schistosoma?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Trematoda

  • Larvae recognize human skin, burrow into skin to lungs, then heart which carries them to circulatory system

  • Found in blood vessels

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><p>Class: Trematoda</p><ul><li><p>Larvae recognize human skin, burrow into skin to lungs, then heart which carries them to circulatory system</p></li><li><p>Found in blood vessels</p></li></ul><p></p>
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How many countries is Schistosoma found in?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Trematoda

  • 54 countries

    • South America and Carribbean, Africa, Middle East

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><p>Class: Trematoda</p><ul><li><p>54 countries</p><ul><li><p>South America and Carribbean, Africa, Middle East</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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Hosts of Schistosoma

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Trematoda

  1. Humans; parasite undergoes sexual reproduction

  2. Snail: asexual reproductive stages

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Where do Taenia (tapeworms) live?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class Cestiodea

  • Adults; digestive tracts of vertebrates

  • Juveniles; bodies of animals

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><p>Class Cestiodea</p><ul><li><p>Adults; digestive tracts of vertebrates</p></li><li><p>Juveniles; bodies of animals</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is name of the head of a Taenia (tapeworm)?

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class Cestiodea

  • Scolex

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><p>Class Cestiodea</p><ul><li><p>Scolex</p></li></ul><p></p>
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What is the name of the body parts of a Taenia (tapeworm)?

  • Class Cestoidea

  • Proglottids: body segments of tapeworm

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Structures of Taenia (tapeworm)

Phylum: Platyhelminthes

Class: Cestiodea

  • Scolex

    • Rostulum

    • Scolex

    • Suckers developing proglottids

  • Mature proglottid

    • Testes

    • Vagina

    • Uterus

    • Genital pore

    • Ovary

    • Yolk/mehilis gland

    • Sperm duct

<p>Phylum: Platyhelminthes</p><p> Class: Cestiodea</p><ul><li><p>Scolex</p><ul><li><p>Rostulum</p></li><li><p>Scolex</p></li><li><p>Suckers developing proglottids</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Mature proglottid</p><ul><li><p>Testes</p></li><li><p>Vagina</p></li><li><p>Uterus</p></li><li><p>Genital pore</p></li><li><p>Ovary </p></li><li><p>Yolk/mehilis gland </p></li><li><p>Sperm duct</p></li></ul></li></ul><p></p>
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What type of coelom do Phylum: Rotifera?

  • Pseudocoelomate body plan

<ul><li><p>Pseudocoelomate body plan</p></li></ul><p></p>