Unit 2 - A Fractured Faith

Martin Luther

A German monk who wrote 95 Theses attacking the Catholic Church practices

Emperor Charles V

the most powerful ruler in sixteenth-century Europe (HRE); Luther appeared before him in the Diet of Worms

Ulrich Zwingli

A Swiss reformer who rejected the Papacy and Orthodoxy

William Tyndale

translated the Bible to English

Cardinal Thomas

guided royal opposition to English Protestantism

Sir Thomas More

Chancellor of England who questioned King Henry VII and his Act of Succession; wrote Utopia

Henry VII Tudor

his desire to annul his marriage led to conflict with the Pope, England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church, and the establishment of the Church of England

Catherine of Aragon

devout Catholic daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand who married Henry VII of England

Thomas Cromwell

becomes Archbishop of Canterbury after he convinced King Henry VII that he didn’t have to follow the pope and gave him the divorce

Ignatius of Loyola

founded the Jesuits

Miguel de Cervantes

author of Don Quixote

William Shakespeare

an English playwright, poet and actor widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language

Cardinal Granvelle

the Spanish council member in the Netherlands who planned to unify the country politically and religiously by breaking down local autonomy and establish a central government, but was overthrown in 1564

Catherine de Medicis

Acted as regent, who tried to maintain balance between the Protestants and Catholics, but feared the Guises, and lent support to the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Philip II

King of Spain who lead the Counter Reformation, Spanish Armada against England, and the Revolt in the Netherlands

Henry IV of Navarre

Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.

Mary Tudor/I

married Philip II of Spain, repealed Protestant statutes, and nicknamed Bloody Mary for her mass executions of English protestants

Mary, Queen of Scots

Catholic cousin to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. Mary had allegedly planned to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth found out and had her beheaded

Sir Francis Drake

circumnavigating Earth

Elizabeth I

succeeded Mary I and restored Protestantism to England; during her reign Mary Queen of the Scots was executed and the Spanish Armada was defeated

Gustavus Adolphus II

lead Sweden through the 30 Years War

Emperor Ferdinand II/

helped negotiate the Peace of Ausburg

Jesuits

a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism

Huguenots

French Protestants

Edict of Nantes

Henry IV of France granted Protestants rights in the nation

Treaty of Westphalia

ended the 30 Years War by allowing German Protestants rights in the nation

Tetzel

the worst of the indulgence priests and the reason Luther writes the 95 Theses