DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis

studied byStudied by 0 people
0.0(0)
learn
LearnA personalized and smart learning plan
exam
Practice TestTake a test on your terms and definitions
spaced repetition
Spaced RepetitionScientifically backed study method
heart puzzle
Matching GameHow quick can you match all your cards?
flashcards
FlashcardsStudy terms and definitions

1 / 46

encourage image

There's no tags or description

Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.

47 Terms

1

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

New cards
2

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms. Double-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic information.

<p>deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms. Double-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic information.</p>
New cards
3

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages

<p>A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages</p>
New cards
4

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

New cards
5

Nucleotide structure

-deoxyribose sugar

-nitrogenous base

-phosphate group

<p>-deoxyribose sugar</p><p>-nitrogenous base</p><p>-phosphate group</p>
New cards
6

DNA macromolecule

nucleic acid

New cards
7

DNA monomers are called

nucleotides

New cards
8

DNA sugar

deoxyribose

New cards
9

RNA sugar

ribose

New cards
10

Nobel Prize Winners for DNA structure

James Watson and Francis Crick

New cards
11

DNA structure and shape

double helix (twisted ladder)

<p>double helix (twisted ladder)</p>
New cards
12

Polypeptide

chain of amino acids

<p>chain of amino acids</p>
New cards
13

Rosalind Franklin

Woman who generated the famous Photo 51 x-ray image of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA (was not credited until after her death and did not receive the Noble Prize)

<p>Woman who generated the famous Photo 51 x-ray image of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA (was not credited until after her death and did not receive the Noble Prize)</p>
New cards
14

protein synthesis

The creation of a protein from a DNA template.

New cards
15

Nitrogen bases in DNA

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

A->T

C->G

New cards
16

Nitrogen bases in RNA

Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine

A->U

C->G

New cards
17

Where are the nitrogen bases found on DNA & how are they bonded?

inside or middle of the double helix; bonded by hydrogen bonds

<p>inside or middle of the double helix; bonded by hydrogen bonds</p>
New cards
18

Where are the sugars and phosphates found on DNA?

they make up the side of the double helix

New cards
19

DNA helicase

An enzyme that unwinds and separates the DNA double helix during DNA replication

<p>An enzyme that unwinds and separates the DNA double helix during DNA replication</p>
New cards
20

semiconservative replication

each new DNA molecule consists of one new strand and one old strand

<p>each new DNA molecule consists of one new strand and one old strand</p>
New cards
21

DNA polymerase

produces the new DNA strand

<p>produces the new DNA strand</p>
New cards
22

Overall process of protein synthesis

DNA > RNA > polypeptide (protein)

New cards
23

RNA polymerase

the enzyme responsible for creating RNA from a DNA template

New cards
24

mRNA (messenger RNA)

a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the information to make a protein

New cards
25

Codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

New cards
26

Anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

New cards
27

"start" codon

AUG (methionine)

New cards
28

"Stop" codon

UAA, UAG, UGA

New cards
29

Transcription

synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template

DNA > RNA

New cards
30

Translation

Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced

RNA > Protein

New cards
31

genetic code is non-ambiguous

each codon specifies one amino acid

New cards
32

genetic code is redundant

more than one codon may for a particular amino acid

New cards
33

Mutation

a change in nucleotide sequence of DNA. A change in a gene or chromosome.

New cards
34

substitution mutation

Mutation in which a single base is replaced, potentially altering the gene product.

New cards
35

insertion mutation

the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

New cards
36

deletion mutation

a mutation in which one or more pairs of nucleotides are removed from a gene

New cards
37

silent mutation

alters a base but does not change the amino acid

New cards
38

missense mutation

a nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

New cards
39

nonsense mutation

changes a normal codon into a stop codon; most damaging mutation

New cards
40

frameshift mutation

mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence

New cards
41

Mutagen

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation.

New cards
42

number of amino acids

20 amino acids

New cards
43

tRNA (transfer RNA)

transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome; contains the anticodon

<p>transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome; contains the anticodon</p>
New cards
44

Central Dogma

theory that states information in cells only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

DNA > RNA > Protein

New cards
45

Fred Griffith (1928)

found a "transforming principle" (DNA) that changed a harmless bacteria (R Bacteria) into deadly bacteria (S Bacteria), but didn't know what it was

New cards
46

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

Determined that DNA was Griffith's "Transforming Factor" using mice in their experiment

New cards
47

Chargaff's Rule

the number of Adenine will equal the number of Thymine and the number of Cytosine will equal the number of Guanine

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 17 people
312 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 38 people
379 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 21 people
759 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 56 people
798 days ago
5.0(4)
note Note
studied byStudied by 411 people
345 days ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 20 people
898 days ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 14 people
899 days ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (147)
studied byStudied by 56 people
850 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (31)
studied byStudied by 16 people
87 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (90)
studied byStudied by 26 people
422 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (46)
studied byStudied by 5 people
395 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (297)
studied byStudied by 602 people
832 days ago
5.0(2)
flashcards Flashcard (26)
studied byStudied by 3 people
815 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (42)
studied byStudied by 11 people
548 days ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (38)
studied byStudied by 7 people
638 days ago
5.0(1)
robot