Psychology 5

5.0(1)
studied byStudied by 18 people
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/59

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

60 Terms

1
New cards
Learning
A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experiences
2
New cards
Behaviorism
A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such metal activity such as thinking, wishing, and hoping
3
New cards
Two types of learning
Associative Learning
Observational Learning
4
New cards
Associative Learning
Learning that occurs when an organism makes an connection or an association between two events
5
New cards
Two parts of Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
6
New cards
Classical Conditioning
When organisms learn the association between two stimuli, which help them anticipate events. The first stimuli is a neutral one that helps us anticipate the second one.
ex: neutral stimuli (the sound of toilet flushing) becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus (the pain of scalding hot water) and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response (panic)
7
New cards
Operant Conditioning
Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence, such as a reward
8
New cards
Observational Learning
Learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior
9
New cards
Pavlov's Studies Results
The unlearned part of classical conditioning is based on the fact that some stimuli automatically produce certain responses apart from any prior learning
10
New cards
4 Parts if Classical Conditioning
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Responses
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Responses
11
New cards
Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
12
New cards
Unconditioned Responses
The response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning
Are involuntary; they happen in response to a stimulus without conscious effort
In Pavlov’s experiment, the salivating in response to food was UR
13
New cards
Conditioned Stimulus
Previously neutral stimuli that comes to elicit the conditioned response
14
New cards
Conditioned Responses
A response elicited by a previously neutral stimulus that has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus
15
New cards
Pavlov's experiment with classical conditioning
Prior to conditioning
-Neutral stimulus (tone/or the ring of a bell) - orientation to sound but no response from the dog
-Unconditioned stimulus (food powder in mouth) which results in unconditioned response (salvation)
Conditioning
-neutral stimulus CS (tone)
-Unconditioned stimulus (food powder)
-Both of these result in conditioned response (salvation)
After Conditioning
-Conditioned stimulus (tone) - conditioned stimulus response (salvation)
16
New cards
Acquisition
The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired
17
New cards
Generalization (Classical Conditioning)
The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned stimulus
18
New cards
Discrimination (classical conditioning)
The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others
19
New cards
Extinction
The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent
20
New cards
Spontaneous Recovery
The process in classical conditioning by which conditioned responses can recur after a time delay without further conditioning
21
New cards
Classical Conditioning in Humans
Classical conditioning provides an explanation for fears.
- Baby Albert experience
22
New cards
Counterconditioning
A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response
Therapists have used counterconditioning to break association between certain stimuli and positive feeling
23
New cards
Aversive Conditioning
- A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
24
New cards
Classical Conditioning and the placebo effect
Placebo effects are the observable change that cannot be explained by the effects of an actual treatment
-showed that placebo pills can influence the secretion of hormones if patients had previously experienced with a pill containing actual drugs that affected hormone secretion
25
New cards
Classical conditioning and the immune and Endocrine System
That classical conditioning can produce immunosuppression a decrease in the production of antibodies, which can lower a person’s ability to fight disease
26
New cards
Taste Adversion
a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea
-people who go through chemo would have a candy before it, so when they feel sick after the session, they are more likely to only feel sick to the taste of the candy instead of every food
27
New cards
Habituation
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation
28
New cards
Albert Bandura's steps to observational learning
Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Reinforcement for the model (both positive and negative)
29
New cards
Biology and Learning
Animals can be conditioned to do natural tasks (i.e. circuses, fairs), but will have instinctive drift to revert to instinctive behaviors
30
New cards
Cultural Learning
We tend to learn certain abilities based on our cultural upbringing
open and fixed mindset
31
New cards
Operant Learning
Operant conditioning is when the consequences of a behavior changes the probability of the behavior’s occurrence.
32
New cards
respondent behavior
- a behavior that occurs in automatic response to a stimulus such as a nausea-producing drug, and later to a conditioned stimulus such as sweet water that is paired with the drug
33
New cards
Involuntary responses
- explains how neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned
34
New cards
B.F Skinner
he developed the concept of operant conditioning
35
New cards
Laws of Effect
proposed by E.L. Thorndike
it states that behaviors with positive outcomes are strengthened while behavior with negative outcomes are weakened
36
New cards
Shaping
is rewarding close actions to the desired behavior, until the desired behavior is achieved
The rewards (reinforcements) can be either positive (giving a good stimulus) or negative (removing a bad stimulus)
37
New cards
Positive Reinforcement
The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
Ex: dog is given food when they give a paw
38
New cards
Negative Reinforcement
The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
Ex: cleaning the garage to remove your dad’s nagging
39
New cards
Positive and Negative Reinforcements
Positive reinforcement means following a behavior with the addition of something and negative reinforcement means following a behavior with the removal of something
40
New cards
Avoidance Learning
an organism’s learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response
41
New cards
Learned Helplessness
through experiences with unavoidable aversive stimuli, an organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes
42
New cards
Generalization (operant conditioning)
- Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation
Ex: when a student gets good grades by studying psychology every night, they might apply that to history
43
New cards
Discrimination (Operant Conditioning)
responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced
Ex: you go to a restaurant that has a “university student discount” sign in the front window and you enthusiastically flash your student ID with the expectation getting the reward of a reduced price meal.
44
New cards
Extinction (Operant Conditioning)
Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforce
Ex; if a soda machine you use frequently starts “eating your coins” you might stop using it but after several weeks, you might try again hoping it would work (this demonstrates spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning)
45
New cards
Continuous Reinforcement
in which a behavior is reinforced every time it occurs, but when the reinforcement stops, extinction occurs takes place quickly
46
New cards
Partial Reinforcement
in which reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time, characterizes most life experiences
47
New cards
Schedules of Reinforcement
specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced
48
New cards
4 Partial Reinforcement
fixed-ratio
variable ratio
fixed interval
variable interval
49
New cards
Fixed ratio
- Rewarded after a set number of behaviors
50
New cards
Variable ratio
- rewarded after a random number of behaviors
51
New cards
Fixed interval
When a behavior is rewarded after a fixed amount of time
52
New cards
Variable Interval
when a behavior is rewarded after a random amount of time
53
New cards
Applied Behavior Analysis
- the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior
Ex: manager rewarding staff members with half day off if they meet particular work goal is employing this behavior analysis
54
New cards
E.C. Tolman
emphasized the purposiveness of behavior meaning it’s goal-directed
55
New cards
Latent Learning
unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
56
New cards
Insight Learning
A form of problem-solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution
57
New cards
Biological Constraints on learning
Instinctive Drift
Preparedness
58
New cards
Instinctive drift
The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with learning
Ex: Pigs were trained to pick up coins and put them in a piggy bank. But pigs started to shove it with their snout. What the pig do is rooting, an instinct that is used to uncover the edible root
59
New cards
Preparedness
The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others
ex:
60
New cards
Psychological Constraints
Fixed-mindset
Growth mindset
(I think you guys know the meaning of this , if not- ur done)