AP human geography unit 7

Sector Model

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Concentric Zone Model

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Multiple Nuclei Model

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Galactic/Edge City Model

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South East Asian Port City Model

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African Model

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Latin America Model

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illustrates a city growing from a central cbd along transportation corridors that look like wedge shaped pieces of pie

Sector model

reflects declining importance of CBD in automobile era and shows that a city might actually have multiple cbd-type areas, a good fit for sprawling cities.

Multiple nuclei model

commercial spine

high rise area, elite residential sector of the Latin American model is found along this

Blockbusting

Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of properties.

Central Business District (CBD)

The downtown heart of a central city that is marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings

Central-Place Theory

Explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another

City

Conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture and economics

Edge Cities

term used to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the United States away from the central business district toward new loci of economic activity at the urban fringe. These areas are characterized by extensive amounts of office and retail space, few residential areas and modern buildings

Gentrification

The rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents...often results in displacement of community's inhabitants

Hinterland

land outside the city; a term that applies to a surrounding area served by an urban center

Megalopolis

Term used to designate large conurbations of people in cities that have grown together

Primate City

A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually the capital city as well. No city even close in population within the country.

Rank-size rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the 2nd largest settlement is 1/2 the population of the largest settlement, the 3rd largest settlement is 1/3 the population of the largest, etc.

Redlining

A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries.

Suburb

an outlying district of a city, especially a residential one.

Suburbanization

Movement of upper and middle class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions.

World City

Centers of economic, cultural, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance, commerce, and/or culture.

Zoning

Areas of a city with a relatively uniform land use.

Squatter Settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support a business/service

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to buy a product or use a service

Megacities

Cities with more than 10 million people

Infrastructure

The basic framework of a building, business, residence, city, or a system (e.g. roads, sewers, electricity, etc.)

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

region that includes a central city and its surrounding suburbs

Peak Land Value Intersection (PLVI)

The most accessible and costly parcel of land in the central business district and therefore in the entire urbanized area (related to Bid Rent Theory)

Bid Rent Curve/Theory

An economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city center in order to gain greater access to customers

Public Services

Jobs that serve the needs of the public and are offered by the government. ex. police, firefighters, teachers

Exurb

Small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city

Ghetto

A poor, densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions (originally used to describe an area in Rome for Italian Jews to live)

smart growth

A set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable, healthy communities and limit urban sprawl

urban sprawl

the unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions

conurbation

a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities (America's Northeast Corridor Megalopolis is a conurbation)

mixed-use development

development that combines housing and businesses in one area/building

New Urbanism

A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century.

Filtering

process of subdivision of houses and occupancy by successive waves of lower-income people (large single family home-->duplex-->apartment building)

Favela

a slum community in a Brazilian city

food desert

An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than 1 mile.

Plaza

a public square, marketplace, or similar open space

Commuter

a person who travels from home to work and back

Public Housing

Housing owned by the government; in the United States, it is rented to low-income residents, and the rents are set at 30% of the families' incomes.

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Environmental Racism

patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards

Gravity Model

A model which holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service