Advanced Human Geography PSD

N-S Divide, Maldives

what % of the UKs GDP does London account for?

25%

when was the Manchester leg of HS2 scrapped and the Leeds leg effectively cancelled?

October 2023

how many of the top 500 European companies are headquartered in London?

Over 100

how much of every £1 in UK tax revenue is controlled by Westminster?

95p (95% of public spending)

what is transport spending per head per year in London vs the North?

London: £1182/head/year
North: £486/head/year

manufacturing workforce in the UK fell from how much in 1966 to how much in 1993?

1996: 8.3 million
1993: 4 million

UK steel workforce fell from how many in 1971 to what in 1991?

1971: 320,000

1991: 44,000

in 1970 manufacturing accounted for what % of UK GDP, and how much does it now?

1970: 30%
Today: Under 10%

today, what % of UK GDP does the service (tertiary) sector account for?

80%

by 1998, what % of UK labour force worked in manufacturing compared to what % in services?

Services: 75%
Manufacturing 20%

in 1980, how many jobs in the UK steel industry were lost over what period of time?

45,000 jobs lost in 9 months

what is the example for the decline of the UK steel industry (deindustrialisation)?

Consett Steelworks, County Durham

when was Consett Steelworks closed and how many jobs were lost as a result?

Closed in 1980, directly causing a loss of 3,700 jobs

following the closure of Consett Steelworks, what happened to unemployment and what is the state of the area today?

Unemployment at 36% in 1981
Today, 19% of the population are classified as deprived

what was the average salary of a UK steelworker and how does this compare to others?

£36,000; 50% higher than other workers in the region

what is the unemployment rate in the South vs North?

South: 3.9%
North: 4.7%

what is the child poverty rate in the South vs North?

South: 17%
North: 28%

what is the average salary in the South vs North?

South: £38,000
North: £32,000

what is the average house price in the South vs North?

South: £400,000
North: £200,000

what % of UK FDI goes to London and the Southeast?

50%

when was the Northern Powerhouse Scheme launched?

2014

how much was spent on the BBC relocation to Salford Quays

Originally £224 million (to fit out the buildings), followed by a £1 billion expansion to double the size of the site

how many jobs were created in MediaCity from 2011-2016, and what increase was this for the area?

4,600 jobs were created; a 43% increase for the area

by 2021, how many jobs and digital/creative businesses had MediaCity supported?

Supported 10,000 jobs and housed over 250 businesses

how much did the MediaCity regeneration increase employment in the creative sector and the number of creative businesses in Manchester?

Creative sector employment rose 142%
The number of creative businesses rose 70%

how many of the BBCs staff are now based outside of London?

50%

how much did house prices increase in Salford Quays following the MediaCity development?

up to 50% in some areas

by how much did MediaCity increase employment by in Greater Manchester (as a whole)?

0.3%

how many of the new jobs created by the MediaCity development were not actually available to people in the North and why?

3,200
2,000 were BBC officials relocated from elsewhere in the UK
1,200 employees came from other firms in Manchester where they were already employed

when was the Manchester Metro Mayor elected, and who was it?

Elected in 2017
Andy Burnham

what did the 2014 Greater Manchester Agreement include?

a £30 million/year capital grant for 30 years

in 2015/16, what was Greater Manchester given local control of?

a £6 billion/year NHS and social care budget

what is the average elevation of the Maldives?

1.5m asl (the world’s lowest-lying country)

what % of land in the Maldives is under 1m asl?

80%

what % of GDP does tourism account for in the Maldives?

Directly: 31%
Indirectly: 70%

what is the average number of tourists to the Maldives per year?

1.6 million (the 1 million milestone was reached in 2013)

what % of the Maldives workforce are employed in tourism?

70%

GNI per capita for the Maldives grew from what in 1950 to what in 2024?

1950: $400
2024: $11,070

what % of foreign currency earnings does tourism account for in the Maldives?

60%

what are the main 2 reasons tourists site for visiting the Maldives, and their %s?

Honeymoon: 23%
Health and wellness: 22%

tourists to the Maldives from Asia-Pacific rose from what % in 2009 to what in 2024?

2009: 25%

2024: 42%

how many passengers does the Trans-Maldivian Seaplane Network transport per day?

over 2000

in the 1970s, how many years were the island lease agreements in the Maldives increased to?

25-35 years

when were guesthouses in the Maldives deregulated?

2010

what % of the Maldives could become uninhabitable by 2050 due to sea level rise?

80%

what is the example for pollution in the Maldives, and its associated date?

Thilafushi trash island, created in 1991

how many tonnes of waste are dumped into Thilafushi per day?

330

at what rate does Thilafushi trash island grow?

1m²/day

how many plastic bottles newly circulate the Maldives every year?

85 million

what % of coral reefs in the Maldives were bleached in what year?

2016: 60% of the reefs were bleached

how many litres of waste does a Maldives tourist produce?

2-5 litres/day

how many Maldives islands have a functioning waste management system?

just 6

what % of the Maldives does not have access to fresh groundwater and why?

97%, due to saltwater intrusion (from sea level rise)

how many island in the Maldives face freshwater shortages?

45

how many Maldives resorts now rely on desalinisation plants for freshwater?

87

what % of islands in the Maldives experience severe coastal erosion?

90%

what % of Maldives domestic greenhouse gas emissions are produced by tourism?

36%, making tourism the largest contributor

what % of Maldives national electricity use do resorts account for?

25%

how many tonnes of CO₂ were emitted by flights to the Maldives in 2009?

1.3 million tonnes

literacy rates in the Maldives rose from what in 1977 to what in 2006?

1977: 82%

2006: 96%

the Maldives HDI rose from what in 1995 to what in 2024?

1995: 0.55

2024: 0.77

life expectancy in the Maldives rose from what in 1972 to what in 2024?

1972: 47
2024: 78

amongst the largest increase over this length of time for any SIDS

what % of the Maldives population does the government plan to relocate to higher islands?

60% (partly to free up smaller islands for tourist development)

what is the service facility tax and the tourist tax in the Maldives, and what are they used to fund?

10% service facility tax
12% tourist tax
used to fund public services

by what % does the Trans-Maldivian Airways grow annually

8%

how many passengers did the Trans-Maldivian Airways transport from 2005-2011

290,000

how much is tourism revenue per year in the Maldives, directly and not?

$5.6 billion directly
$1.6 billion through taxes and fees

what % of government tax revenue does tourism account for in the Maldives?

90%

what % of revenue from all-inclusive package holidays leaves the Maldives?

70%

what did the Maldives government debt rise to in 2010 and why?

16% of GDP (due to over-expenditure on tourism)

what % of Maldivians live on less than $1/day?

40%

what % of Maldives national spending is consumed by climate adaptation?

50%

what is the maximum % of an island that can be built-up area in the Maldives (Tourism Ministry Regulations)?

20%

what is the restriction on building height in the Maldives (Tourism Ministry Regulations)?

building height may not exceed that of the islands vegetation and may never exceed 2 storeys

by how far, at minimum, must buildings in the Maldives be set back from the shoreline?

5m

when was Green Tax introduced to the Maldives, what was it, and how much was it?

Introduced 2015/16
An environmental levy of $6/night at resorts

what is the example of a Marine Protected Area in the Maldives?

Hanifaru Bay, Baa Atoll

how many Giant Manta Rays live in Hanifaru Bay?

250 (with an average wingspan of 3m)

when did Hanifaru Bay become a Marine Protected Area?

2009

after gaining designation as an MPA, what happened to the number of tourists and unregulated safari boat visits to Hanifaru Bay?

Tourist numbers tripled
Unregulated safari boat visits quadrupled

after gaining designation as an MPA, what was the average number of snorkellers and boats in Hanifaru Bay during peak Great Manta Ray feeding times and what impact does this have?

200 snorkellers
14 boats

Prevents the Great Manta Rays from feeding on phytoplankton

what is the example for a ecotourism resort in the Maldives?

Six Senses Laamu

how many hours of scientific marine surveys have been conducted at the Six Senses Laamu?

1350

how many coral larvae have been released onto reefs at the Six Senses Laamu?

2,862,000

how many m² of seagrass has been protected by the Six Senses Laamu?

Over 335,000m²

how many kg of local seafood was sustainably sourced at the Six Senses Laamu in 2024?

13,220kg

how many local school students did the Six Senses Laamu ‘Hello Solution’ education program educate?

944

roughly how many resorts are there in the Maldives?

150+

what does the average resort worker in the Maldives earn?

$250/month

what was the original cost estimate of HS2 (in 2010) and what was it revised to by 2020?

2010: £40 billion
2020: £106 billion

when HS2 was proposed, what was its speed and Manchester-London journey time to be?

250mph
2 hour journey between Manchester and London

what effect on West Midlands output was HS2 projected to have by 2037?

Increase by £3 billion

what was the projected % increase in the number of trains between London and Birmingham that HS2 would create?

143% increase

how many construction jobs were created by HS2?

tens of thousands

how many islands in the Maldives are designated as Marine Protected Areas?

more than 25

what % increase in fish stocks did Misool Marine Protected Area see after its designation as such?

600%